1. PSYA4 Addictive Behaviour
Pub Quiz 1
Models of Addictive Behaviour

2. Round 1 Name three Models of Addiction
Name 2 different biological models of addiction.
Which gene is linked to severe alcoholism, cocaine, heroine and nicotine addiction?
How is the A1 variant of this gene supposed to make it more likely someone will be addicted to drugs?
What percentage heritability for alcohol addiction did McGue find in 1999?

3. Round 2 What is the mesolimbic pathway’s role in initiating addiction?
How does down regulation contribute to maintenance of an addiction?
According to the Disease model why do addicts relapse?
Name the drug a sex addict was given to curb his addiction to pornography?
Give two criticisms of the Biological model

4. Round 3 Name 3 cognitive models of addiction.
How does Gelkopf et al’s Self Medication model explain initiation of an addiction?
Expectancy theory - how does Brandon (2004) explain why addiction is maintained?
What gender differences did Sher et al find in alcohol addiction in 1996?
Why is it difficult to explain maintenance and relapse in gambling using the Rational Choice Theory?

5. Round 4 Name 3 learning theories of addiction.
What does self-efficacy mean?
Name positive reinforcers in gambling
Give an example of a negative reinforcer that helps maintain an addiction.
Name 2 secondary reinforcers for addictive behaviour
What is the primary reason why adolescents take drugs?

6. Round 5 What effect does nicotine have on the brain?
What is the most likely explanation for why people start smoking?
What were the findings of the study by Buka et al (2003) on the relationship between smoking in pregnancy and offspring smoking?
Name 2 explanations for why some people are more likely to become pathological gamblers.
Give 2 synoptic points relating to smoking and gambling addictions.

7. Answers - Round 1 Biological, Cognitive and learning
Name three Models of Addiction
Biological, Cognitive and learning
Name 2 different biological models of addiction.
Genetics and disease models
Which gene is linked to severe alcoholism, cocaine, heroine and nicotine addiction?
DRD2
How is the A1 variant of this gene supposed to make it more likely someone will be addicted to drugs?
Fewer dopamine receptors in pleasure centres of the brain, so need drugs that increase dopamine levels to compensate for this
What percentage heritability for alcohol addiction did McGue find in 1999? 50-60%

8. Answers - Round 2
What is the mesolimbic pathway’s role in initiating addiction?
Creates lasting memories that link the drug to a pleasurable reward
How does down regulation contribute to maintenance of an addiction?
Reduction in the activity of the reward circuits causes withdrawal symptoms, sadness and anxiety – crave drug to relieve these symptoms
According to the Disease model why do addicts relapse?
Frontal cortex becomes less effective at making decisions and judging consequences of actions.
Name the drug a sex addict was given to curb his addiction to pornography?
nalextrone
Give two criticisms of the Biological model
Reductionist, much based on animal research, inconsistent research findings

9. Answers - Round 3
Name 3 cognitive models of addiction.
Self medication, Expectancy theories, Rational Choice Theory
How does Gelkopf et al’s Self Medication model explain initiation of an addiction?
Intentionally take drug to relieve psychological symptoms.
Expectancy theory - how does Brandon (2004) explain why addiction is maintained?
Unconscious expectations involving automatic processing
What gender differences did Sher et al find in alcohol addiction in 1996?
Men report higher levels of positive expectations for tension reduction, social lubrication, activity enhancement
Why is it difficult to explain maintenance and relapse in gambling using the Rational Choice Theory?
Because they should stop gambling if they keep losing, but this is not the case

10. Answers -Round 4
Name 3 learning theories of addiction.
Operant conditioning, classical conditioning, Social Learning Theory
What does self-efficacy mean?
An individuals belief that s/he can wilfully resist or refuse to engage in a behaviour
Name positive reinforcers in gambling
Adrenaline rush, psychological reward (near misses), peer praise, financial rewards
Give an example of a negative reinforcer that helps maintain an addiction.
Withdrawal symptoms
Name 2 secondary reinforcers for addictive behaviour
Sights and sounds of a pub, passing a betting shop e,t,c
What is the primary reason why adolescents take drugs?
Peer pressure, social acceptance

11. Answers - Round 5 What effect does nicotine have on the brain?
Activates nAchRs in brain – release of dopamine in nucleus accumbens – temporary, short lived feelings of pleasure. This needs to be repeated frequently to be maintained i.e. smoking another cigarette
What is the most likely explanation for why people start smoking?
Psychosocial motives
What were the findings of the study by Buka et al (2003) on the relationship between smoking in pregnancy and offspring smoking?
Children were more likely to smoke if mum had smoked at least 20 cigs a day during pregnancy
Name 2 explanations for why some people are more likely to become pathological gamblers.
Genetic, sensation seeker, boredom avoidance
Give 2 synoptic points relating to smoking and gambling addictions.
Gender bias in research into smoking, importance of blind design in twin studies to avoid bias