1. CEREA – Group « Meteorological Measurements » 15 September 2006 1 METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS IN THE ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER E. Dupont – D. Demengel – Y. Lefranc Activity integrated in CEREA since 2005 Outline - Objectives - Focus on sodars campaign - Tests of a UHF radar - Collaboration with IPSL

2. CEREA – Group « Meteorological Measurements » 15 September 2006 2 To propose solutions for the needs of EDF in the fields of :  Atmospheric dispersion at an industrial or urban site  Wind energy resource  Interaction acoustic propagation / meteorology Tests of instruments and development of methodologies:  For nuclear power plants : safety rule, dispersion of effluents in routine or accidental conditions  Wind turbine parks : reduction of uncertainty on wind resource estimation Constitution of data bases for validation of numerical models (Mercure_Saturne) and simulations on complex terrain Participation to cooperative field experiments (ESCOMPTE, PARIS-FOG during next winter …) Primarily wind and turbulence measurements In-situ and remote sensing : sodar, UHF radar OBJECTIVES

3. CEREA – Group « Meteorological Measurements » 15 September 2006 3 SODARS INTERCOMPARISON Main goal : evaluation of the availability and the quality of measurements provided by several commercialised mini- sodars, and their acoustic disturbance  Do they fulfil the conditions to be used on the nuclear power plants (currently used sodars have to be changed) ?  Do they fulfil the specific needs of wind energy applications ? Flat and homogeneous site (in Beauce) – December 2005 to February 2006 Very few such inter-comparisons of phased array sodars are reported in the litterature European project WISE (WInd energy Sodar Evaluation) : underline advantages of sodars for wind energy applications but also many drawbacks:  No or bad measurements of strong winds, no or bad measurements in rainy situations, necessity of data filter and calibration …

4. CEREA – Group « Meteorological Measurements » 15 September 2006 4 INSTRUMENTAL SET-UP Remtech PA0 Scintec SFAS Remtech PA2 AéroVironment AV4000 78 m height mast Sonic and cup anemometers

5. CEREA – Group « Meteorological Measurements » 15 September 2006 5

6. CEREA – Group « Meteorological Measurements » 15 September 2006 6 Application to wind energy resource estimation: Test of a methodology to determine wind speed at hub height (about 80 m for current turbines), with a 40 m height mast during one year and a 2 months sodar campaign  Use of normalized profiles of wind speed averaged by direction sectors  Computation of wind speed at 80 m during one year and comparison with anemometer measurement  bias divided by 3 compared to an extrapolation with a power law  To be tested on a complex terrain ! CONCLUSIONS: Measurements between 30 m and 200 m to 300 m Problems of measurements in very windy or rainy situations can be overcame with hardware and software adaptations For some sodars, very good results are found for the comparison with sonic anemometers, without any user data filter For this data set, calibration against cup anemometer was not useful Sodars can probably allow a reduction of error on the estimation of wind turbines electric production

7. CEREA – Group « Meteorological Measurements » 15 September 2006 7 TESTS OF A UHF RADAR Collaboration with Laboratoire d’Aérologie (Lannemezan) (PhD of Vincent Puygrenier) and the manufacturer Degréane Objectives :  Improvment of the quality of measurements below 200 m AGL  Development of methodologies for estimation of turbulent variables  Application to ABL studies (especially during ESCOMPTE campaign) Campaign of 2005 (August-November):  Test of important modifications performed by Degréane on the transmitter and the receiver  Comparison with sodar Remtech PA2 and Metek sonic anemometer  Results show significant improvment of the quality of data at the first level (85 m)

8. CEREA – Group « Meteorological Measurements » 15 September 2006 8 Comparison Degréane UHF radar / Remtech PA2 sodar (collaboration with Laboratoire d’Aérologie - Lannemezan) 85 m level: Bias < 0,5 m/s / 5° Precision ~ 1 m/s / 30°

9. CEREA – Group « Meteorological Measurements » 15 September 2006 9 Turbulence measurements with UHF radar Direct comparison between spectral width on the vertical beam given by UHF radar and standard deviation of vertical velocity given by sodar 8h – 16h TUall data

10. CEREA – Group « Meteorological Measurements » 15 September 2006 10 Collaboration with Institut Pierre Simon Laplace Instruments of EDF-R&D/CEREA are going to be installed before the end of 2006 on the experimental site of IPSL (SIRTA, Ecole Polytechnique, suburbs of Paris) This will contribute to a very well instrumented site (in-situ + teledetection) for research on meteorology and air quality. Supported by Ile de France region. Two main projects for the next years Simulation of the ABL heterogeneities induced by the land use on this complex site (trees, buildings, water …)  Long-term comparison between Mercure_Saturne code and measurements (wind, turbulence, radiative fluxes, temperature and humidity) with different modes of simulation and grids (COMPERES project) PARIS-FOG : Observation and numerical simulation of the fog (Météo- France/IPSL/CEREA)  Campaign between november 2006 and march 2007  1D and 3D simulations of turbulent, radiative, dynamical and microphysical processes involved in the life cycle of the fog