1. CARBON AND MOLECULAR DIVERSITY
The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

2. OBJECTIVES Describe properties of macromolecules important to life:
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids
Proteins
Lipids
Know how polymers are assembled and dismantled

3. ORGANIC MOLECULES

4. ATOMS & MOLECULES
There are various ways to write a chemical formula

5. MACROMOLECULES BY WAY OF POLYMERIZATION
Monosaccharides 
Nucleotides 
Amino acids 

6. GENERIC POLYMERIZATION REACTION (bonding together of monomers)
Figure: 3.7
Caption:
In this generalized diagram, the monomers could be amino acids, sugars, or nucleotides.

7. BUILDING POLYMERS Constructing Polymers:
Dehydration (Condensation) Reaction

8. DISMANTLING POLYMERS
Breaking
Down Polymers:
Hydrolysis Reaction:

9. CARBOHYDRATES
Monosaccharides:
Building block (monomer)
for

10. CARBOHYDRATES Monosaccharides:
Glucose as a linear, ring and abbreviated ring structure

11. CARBOHYDRATES: MONOSACCHARIDES

12. CARBOHYDRATES
Disaccharides:
2 Monosaccharides
hooked together

13. CARBOHYDRATES
Polysaccharides:
Many monosaccharides hooked together

14. NUCLEIC ACIDS
Store and transmit
Composed of

15. NUCLEIC ACIDS
A String of Nucleotides
Nucleotide Structure:

16. STRUCTURE OF THE NUCLEOTIDE

17. NUCLEIC ACIDS Nucleotides are connected by
Result of condensation rxns.

18. NUCLEIC ACIDS
DNA:
RNA:

19. Base Pairing in RNA RNA Loop 3´ 5´ G C G C U A A U C G Figure: 3.15b
Caption:
(b) This RNA molecule has secondary structure. The double-stranded “stem” and single-stranded “loop” form a hairpin. Note that the bonded bases in the stem are oriented in the opposite 5’  3’ direction. To capture this point, researchers say that they are antiparallel.  Exercise Compare the hydrogen bonds in part (a). Which bond is stronger, the A–U bond or the C–G bond? A U
Base Pairing in RNA C G 3´ 5´

20. PROTEIN
Numerous
Functions:

21. PROTEINS
Proteins are composed of
20 possible amino acids

22. 20 Amino
Acids
Note:
Variable
R Group

23. PROTEINS When Amino Acids Link, a Peptide Results: Dipeptide:
Two amino acids connected

24. PROTEINS When Amino Acids Link, a Peptide Results: Polypeptide:
Many amino acids joined together

25. PROTEINS
Levels of Organization:
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

26. PROTEIN STRUCTURE
Primary Level:

27. PROTEIN STRUCTURE
Secondary Level:
 Helix:
Pleated Sheet:

28. PROTEIN STRUCTURE
Tertiary Level:

29. PROTEIN STRUCTURE
Quaternary Level:

30. PROTEIN

31. PROTEIN FORM & FUNCTION
Form & Function Are Correlated!
The function of a protein depends on its specific
conformation

32. LOSS OF PROTEIN FUNCTION
Genetics:

33. LOSS OF PROTEIN FUNCTION
The Environment:
Denaturation:
Protein denatured

34. LIPIDS
Lipids:

35. LIPIDS
Functions Include:

36. LIPIDS
Lipids:
Most important types found in cells:

37. TYPES OF LIPIDS
Steroids:
Includes:

38. TYPES OF LIPIDS
Phospholipids:
Play structural role
Are “amphipathic”:

39. TYPES OF LIPIDS Fats: Serve as a source of Usually in form of
Formed through

40. TYPES OF LIPIDS
Fats:
Saturated versus unsaturated fats