1. Advice Weaving in AspectJ Alex Gontmakher

2. Outline Possible implementation approaches Quick JVM primer AJC implementation Performance Evaluation

3. Approaches to Aspect code generation Change the VM to recognize aspects Compile-time weaving of aspects Load-time weaving  Reflection

4. Changing the VM Can provide full support for all Aspect features Data for aspects separate from the code Not portable (generated code is not Java bytecode) Problems with the reference Java implementation  Hard to make changes to Java standard  Hard to evolve AspectJ implementation

5. Load-time weaving Modify the code during loading Probably can be done  Same benefits as with VM-supported aspects Potentially slow  Trade-Off between load-time and run-time  Expensive to do static analysis (optimization)

6. Compile time code generation Portable Fast Necessarily limited

7. Compile-time code generation: The problem before(): get(int Point.x) { System.out.println(“get x”); } Compiler doesn't see all the code  Code that is dynamically loaded  Code that is called through reflection

8. Compile-time code generation: Solution AspectJ solution: aspects apply only to code that the implementation controls Loosely speaking: all the bytecode available at compile time  Can change between implementations and versions

9. Compile-time code generation: The limitations Advice on field access  Accessor code must be available Advice on method and constructor call  Calling code must be available Advice on method execution  The method code must be available Etc. Limitations not met  Compile time error!

10. Part 2: JVM Primer

11. Java Virtual Machine: structure Frame 0 Frame 1 Frame 2 SP Stack (per thread) Constant Pool Class Hello method: print() method: () Class Main method: main() method: () field: int fM String “hello world” Frame 2 locals: this int i int j Param stack: System.out String … Class: Frame 1 locals: this … Param stack: Hello … Class: Heap Object Hello field: int f1 field: String f2

12. JVM primer: instructions 1 Arithmetic Instructions  take inputs from param stack, write results back Getting values to and from local vars Getting values to and from objects Method calls and returns Exception handling Etc.

13. JVM Primer: instructions 2 Arithmetic instructions  iadd: …, value1, value2  …, value1+value2 Load and store local variables  iload VAR: …  …,  iload_ : …  …,  istore VAR: …, value  … {VAR = value}  istore_ : …, value  … {VAR_n = value} Stack manipulation  dup: …, value  …, value, value

14. JVM primer: instructions 3 Object access  Accessing object’s fields: getfield, putfield getfield FID: …, objectref  …, value putfield FID: …, value, objectref  …  Accessing object’s static fields: getstatic, putstatic getstatic FID: …  …, value putstatic FID:..., value  …

15. JVM primer: instructions 4 Calling methods:  invokevirtual N:…, param1, [param2,…]  result calls Nth method of class  invokespecial N calls constructors etc.  invokestatic N  Invokeinterface N  return, ireturn, … Creating objects:  new N – allocates and inits memory.  Then, constructor must be called

16. JVM Primer: example int i; // An instance variable MyObj example() { MyObj o = new MyObj(); return silly(o); } MyObj silly(MyObj o) { if (o != null) { return o; } else { return o; } Method MyObj example() 0 new [Class MyObj] 3 dup 4 invokespecial [MyObj. ()] 7 astore_1 8 aload_0 9 aload_1 10 invokevirtual [silly] 13 areturn Method MyObj silly(MyObj) 0 aload_1 1 ifnull 6 4aload_1 5 areturn 6 aload_1 7 areturn

17. JVM primer: exception handling Exception handling  throw N: throw an exception of class N  Exception table: FROMTOClassHandler 13178

18. Part 3: Aspects implementation Munger Shadow Residue

19. AspectJ: the process Java sourceAspects source Java bytecodeAspects bytecode Java Library Aspects Library AspectJ compiler Weaver Woven program  shadows  mungers

20. Advice Implementation: the 4 questions WHERE- shadows WHEN- residues WHAT- the aspect code HOW- weaving

21. Join Point Shadows: WHERE Static code sections that potentially match a join point Example: “hello world” public static void main(String[] s) { System.out.println(“hello world”); } 0: getstatic [java/lang/System.out] 3: ldc [String “hello world”] 5: invokevirtual [java/io/Printstream.println] 8: return Field-get Target: from stack Args: none Method-call Target: From stack Args: From stack !Parameters must be stored and re-loaded Method-execution Target: this Args: local vars

22. Join Point Shadows: Notes Java bytecodes carry plentiful meta- information  Instructions’ intent easily recognizable  Shadow is completely defined by region of code  No need for source code! It is sometimes impossible to determine statically if aspect should be executed  residue

23. Advice compilation: WHAT Each advice compiles to a regular Java method  Parameters statically typed  used for matching  Advice always runs in the context of aspect instance  Additional information encoded in attributes Each residue compiles to a regular Java method

24. Residues: WHEN Dynamic part of the pointcut Residue types:  if Computes conditions on parameters Parameters passed if necessary  instanceof Checks type  cflow Check the stack for cflow conditions Store cflow status in the stack Each relevant join point checks the status

25. Residues example: if residue before(): execution(void main(*)) && if(Tracing.level == 1) { System.out.println(“here”); } 0: invokestatic [A.ajc$if_0] 3: ifeq 12 6: invokestatic [A.aspectof] 9: invokevirtual [A.ajc$before$A$a6] 12: getstatic [java/lang/System.out] 15: ldc [String “hello world”] 17: invokevirtual [java/io/Printstream.println] 20: return Residue Aspect

26. Residues example: instanceof before(String s): execution(void go(*)) && args(s) { System.out.println(s); } Case 1: void go(java.lang.String) { }  Advice is always called Case 2: void go(java.lang.Object) { }  Advice called only if the parameter is a String

27. Residues: instanceof contd void go(java/lang/Object); 0: aload_1 1: astore_2 2: aload_2 3: instanceof[String] 6: ifeq 14# skip advice 9: invokestatic[A.aspectOf] 10: aload_1 13: invokevirtual [A.ajc$before$A$a3] 16: return Residue Aspect

28. Residues: cflow On entry to the method, compute the cflow conditions  Store the result in a local variable  At the join point, check the variable The test is completely dynamic  Static optimization would need whole- program analysis

29. The Matching process 1. For each advice:  Create a shadow munger 2. For each shadow munger:  For each class: For each shadow, apply the munger [optimization] If the munger has withincode attribute, check only in that method

30. Weaving: HOW Expose the context  Copy stack parameters  Push local variables (for calls)  Create a JoinPoint object if necessary Reflective information on the join point: getKind(), getSignature(), getLocation(), getArgs(), …  Done once per shadow Insert the advice code  Implementation depends on advice kind  Weaving in inverse precedence order

31. Weaving: advice types Before advice  Advice code just inserted in the beginning of the shadow After returning advice  Call: Expose the return value Insert the code in the end of the shadow  Execution: All the return points must be captured Generate gotos into a single return point

32. Weaving: more advice types After throwing advice  Add a new exception handler in the enclosing method After finally advice  Combine After returning and After throwing Control flow entry advice  Same as before advice Control flow exit advice  Same as After finally advice

33. Weaving: more advice types Around advice  Replaces the original shadow code  If no call to proceed, just inline the advice code  If there is a call to proceed: class Closure$i extends AroundClosure { public void run() { // perform the advised code } } Create the Closure$i object and pass it as a parameter to advice Declare warning and error  Just print the message, no bytecode changes

34. Weaving: inlining Advice code is [almost] never inlined  Why? Because JIT does a better work.  Avoids code duplication

35. Aspects performance: Benchmark Xalan – XSLT processor  826 source files, 7700 methods, 144K lines of code  Measure the slowdown caused by aspects  Compare to hand-coded version public aspect Trace { private static Logger log = Logger.getLogger(“xalan”); pointcut traced(): execution(* *(..)); before(): traced() { Signature s = thisJoinPointStaticPart.getSignature(); log.entering( s.getDeclaringType().getName(), s.getname()); }

36. Aspects Performance: first results Logging enabled Logging disabled

37. Aspects performance: optimizing Avoid class.getName() if not used before() traced() { if (!log.isLoggable(Level.FINER)) return; … } Check log.isLoggable in the residue pointcut traced(): execution(* *(..)) && if (log.isLoggable(Level.FINER));  Avoids method call of the aspect Store the result of log.isLoggable() pointcut traced(): … && if (enabled) && log.isLoggable()  Faster than hand-coded version Remove the aspect altogether

38. Aspects performance: results Best implementation: 76% better than handcoded  Same could be done manually, but impractical

39. Conclusions Weaving advices in Java is easy  Rich bytecode  C++ would be much harder – certainly would require source code access! More static analysis will allow for faster code

40. References Advice weaving in AspectJ, Eric Hillsdale and Jim Hugunin, In Proceedings of AOSD'04 The AspectJ project homepage, http://eclipse.org/aspectjhttp://eclipse.org/aspectj The JVM Specification book, http://java.sun.com/docs/books/vmspec/http://java.sun.com/docs/books/vmspec/