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LING 388: Language and Computers Sandiway Fong Lecture 16: 10/20
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Last Time Japanese grammar –head-final: Subject Object Verb –case particles: -ga (nominative), -o (accusative) –wh-in-situ (not fronted): dare (who), nani (what) –sentence-final Q-particle: ka –Examples: Taroo-ga hon-o katta(declarative) taroo-nom book-acc bought Taroo-ga nani-o katta ka(object wh-question) dare-ga hon-o katta ka(subject wh-question)
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Last Time Japanese grammar –s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q1), nomcase, vp(Z,Q2), sf(Q1,Q2). –vp(vp(Z,Y),Q) --> np(Z,Q), acccase, transitive(Y). –transitive(v(katta)) --> [katta]. –nomcase --> [ga]. –acccase --> [o]. –np(np(taroo),notwh) --> [taroo]. –np(np(hon),notwh) --> [hon]. –np(np(dare),wh) --> [dare]. –np(np(nani),wh) --> [nani]. –sf(wh,notwh) --> [ka]. –sf(notwh,wh) --> [ka]. –sf(notwh,notwh) --> []. –sf(wh,wh) --> [ka]. can both parse and generate with this simple grammar
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Today’s Topics –English Wh-Questions
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Wh-Questions: English English –Declarative: John bought a book –Wh-Question: Who bought a book?(subject wh-phrase) *John bought what?(only possible as an echo-question) What did John buy?(object wh-phrase) Grammar Implementation –Subject wh-question: straightforward –Object wh-question: complex operation (irregular) 1.object wh-phrase must be fronted 2.do-support (insertion of past tense form of “do”) 3.bought buy (untensed form)
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Wh-Questions: Japanese English –Declarative: John bought a book –Wh-Question: Who bought a book?(subject wh-phrase) *John bought what?(only possible as an echo-question) What did John buy?(object wh-phrase) Japanese –wh-in-situ: meaning wh-phrase appears in same position as a regular noun phrase easy to implement! –Taroo-ga nani-o katta ka nani: means what ka: sentence-final question particle –dare-ga hon-o katta ka dare: means who
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English Grammar Starting point: –assume the grammar from the start of Lecture 13 –minus the troublesome left-recursive VP PP rule s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y), vp(Z). np(np(Y)) --> pronoun(Y). np(np(D,N)) --> det(D,Number), common_noun(N,Number). det(det(the),_) --> [the]. det(det(a),sg) --> [a]. common_noun(n(ball),sg) --> [ball]. common_noun(n(man),sg) --> [man]. common_noun(n(men),pl) --> [men]. pronoun(i) --> [i]. pronoun(we) --> [we]. pronoun(me) --> [me]. vp(vp(Y)) --> unergative(Y). vp(vp(Y,Z)) --> transitive(Y,_), np(Z). vp(vp(A,V)) --> aux(A), transitive(V,en). unergative(v(ran)) --> [ran]. transitive(v(hit),_) --> [hit]. transitive(v(eat),root) --> [eat]. transitive(v(eats),s) --> [eats]. transitive(v(ate),ed) --> [ate]. transitive(v(eaten),en) --> [eaten]. aux(aux(was)) --> [was].
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Wh-Questions: Step 1 English –Declarative: John bought a book –Wh-Question: Who bought a book?(subject wh-phrase) *John bought what?(only possible as an echo-question) What did John buy?(object wh-phrase) New words: –bought bookjohn –who what Grammar rules: –transitive(v(ate),ed) --> [ate]. common_noun(n(ball),sg) --> [ball]. –transitive(v(bought),ed) --> [bought]. –common_noun(n(book),sg) --> [book]. –np(np(N)) --> proper_noun(N). –proper_noun(john) --> [john]. Need also to encode the wh feature –cf. Japanese grammar –np(np(nani),wh) --> [nani].% what
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Wh-Questions: Step 1 English –Declarative: John bought a book –Wh-Question: Who bought a book?(subject wh-phrase) *John bought what?(only possible as an echo-question) What did John buy?(object wh-phrase) New words: –bookjohn –who what Grammar rules: –common_noun(n(book),sg,notwh) --> [book]. –common_noun(n(man),sg,notwh) --> [man]. –common_noun(n(men),pl,notwh) --> [men]. –np(np(N),notwh) --> proper_noun(N).% e.g. john –pronoun(who,wh) --> [who]. –pronoun(what,wh) --> [what]. –pronoun(i,notwh) --> [i]. –pronoun(we,notwh) --> [we]. –pronoun(me,notwh) --> [me]. Note: –what can also be a determiner, e.g. what man –[we’re not going to cover this case]
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Wh-Questions: Step 1 English –Declarative: John bought a book –Wh-Question: Who bought a book?(subject wh-phrase) *John bought what?(only possible as an echo-question) What did John buy?(object wh-phrase) New words: (book, who, what) –common_noun(n(book),sg,notwh) --> [book]. –pronoun(who,wh) --> [who]. –pronoun(what,wh) --> [what]. Grammar Rules: –s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q), vp(Z). –np(np(Y),Q) --> pronoun(Y,Q). –np(np(N),notwh) --> proper_noun(N). –np(np(D,N),Q) --> det(D,Number), common_noun(N,Number,Q). –vp(vp(Y,Z)) --> transitive(Y,_), np(Z,Q). Note: –got to pass wh feature information up to the noun phrase node level
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Wh-Questions: Step 1 English –Declarative: John bought a book –Wh-Question: Who bought a book?(subject wh-phrase) *John bought what?(only possible as an echo-question) What did John buy?(object wh-phrase) Grammar Rules: –s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q), vp(Z). –np(np(Y),Q) --> pronoun(Y,Q). –np(np(N),notwh) --> proper_noun(N). –np(np(D,N),Q) --> det(D,Number), common_noun(N,Number,Q). –vp(vp(Y,Z)) --> transitive(Y,_), np(Z,Q). –common_noun(n(book),sg,notwh) --> [book]. –pronoun(who,wh) --> [who]. –pronoun(what,wh) --> [what]. –proper_noun(john) --> [john]. Declarative sentence: –?- s(X,[john,bought,a,book],[]). –X = s(np(john),vp(v(bought),np(det(a),n(book))))
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Wh-Questions: Step 1 English –Declarative: John bought a book –Wh-Question: Who bought a book?(subject wh-phrase) *John bought what?(only possible as an echo-question) What did John buy?(object wh-phrase) Grammar Rules: –s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q), vp(Z). –np(np(Y),Q) --> pronoun(Y,Q). –np(np(N),notwh) --> proper_noun(N). –np(np(D,N),Q) --> det(D,Number), common_noun(N,Number,Q). –vp(vp(Y,Z)) --> transitive(Y,_), np(Z,Q). –common_noun(n(book),sg,notwh) --> [book]. –pronoun(who,wh) --> [who]. –pronoun(what,wh) --> [what]. –proper_noun(john) --> [john]. Subject wh-question: –?- s(X,[who,bought,a,book],[]). –X = s(np(who),vp(v(bought),np(det(a),n(book)))) Note: –an in-situ analysis
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Wh-Questions: Step 1 English –Declarative: John bought a book –Wh-Question: Who bought a book?(subject wh-phrase) *John bought what?(only possible as an echo-question) What did John buy?(object wh-phrase) Grammar Rules: –s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q), vp(Z). –np(np(Y),Q) --> pronoun(Y,Q). –np(np(N),notwh) --> proper_noun(N). –np(np(D,N),Q) --> det(D,Number), common_noun(N,Number,Q). –vp(vp(Y,Z)) --> transitive(Y,_), np(Z,Q). –pronoun(who,wh) --> [who]. –pronoun(what,wh) --> [what]. Object wh-question: –?- s(X,[john,bought,what],[]). –X = s(np(john),vp(v(bought),np(what))) How do we block this analysis? –By stipulating the value of Q –vp(vp(Y,Z)) --> transitive(Y,_), np(Z,notwh).
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Wh-Questions: Step 2 English –Declarative: John bought a book –Wh-Question: Who bought a book?(subject wh-phrase) *John bought what?(only possible as an echo-question) What did John buy?(object wh-phrase) Grammar Rules: –s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q), vp(Z). –vp(vp(Y,Z)) --> transitive(Y,_), np(Z,notwh). –pronoun(who,wh) --> [who]. –pronoun(what,wh) --> [what]. Object wh-question: –?- s(X,[what,did,john,buy],[]). We need to write rules for wh-object fronting –First, some rules for “do” –aux(aux(was)) --> [was]. –do(aux(did)) --> [did]. –do(aux(do)) --> [do]. –do(aux(does)) --> [does]. s npvp v sbar np what buy john aux did
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Wh-Questions: Step 2.1 English –Declarative: John bought a book –Wh-Question: Who bought a book?(subject wh-phrase) *John bought what?(only possible as an echo-question) What did John buy?(object wh-phrase) Grammar Rules: –s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q), vp(Z). –vp(vp(Y,Z)) --> transitive(Y,_), np(Z,notwh). –pronoun(who,wh) --> [who]. –pronoun(what,wh) --> [what]. Object wh-question: –complex operation (irregular) 1.object wh-phrase must be fronted 2.do-support (insertion of past tense form of “do”) 3.bought buy (untensed form) 1.Fronting –sbar(sbar(X,Y)) --> np(X,wh), s(Y). s npvp v sbar np what buy john aux did
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Wh-Questions: Step 2.2 English –Declarative: John bought a book –Wh-Question: Who bought a book?(subject wh-phrase) *John bought what?(only possible as an echo- question) What did John buy?(object wh-phrase) Grammar Rules: –s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q), vp(Z). –vp(vp(Y,Z)) --> transitive(Y,_), np(Z,notwh). –pronoun(who,wh) --> [who]. –pronoun(what,wh) --> [what]. Object wh-question: –complex operation (irregular) 1.object wh-phrase must be fronted 2.do-support (insertion of past tense form of “do”) 3.bought buy (untensed form) 2.Do-support –sbar(sbar(X,A,Y)) --> np(X,wh), do(A), s(Y). s npvp v sbar np what buy john aux did
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Wh-Questions: Step 2.3 English –Declarative: John bought a book –Wh-Question: Who bought a book?(subject wh-phrase) *John bought what?(only possible as an echo- question) What did John buy?(object wh-phrase) Grammar Rules: –sbar(sbar(X,A,Y)) --> np(X,wh), do(A), s(Y). –s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q), vp(Z). –vp(vp(Y,Z)) --> transitive(Y,_), np(Z,notwh). –pronoun(who,wh) --> [who]. –pronoun(what,wh) --> [what]. Object wh-question: –complex operation (irregular) 1.object wh-phrase must be fronted 2.do-support (insertion of past tense form of “do”) 3.bought buy (untensed form) 3.Untensed main verb –transitive(v(bought),ed) --> [bought]. –transitive(v(buy),root) --> [buy]. s npvp v sbar np what buy john aux did
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Wh-Questions: Step 2.3 English –Declarative: John bought a book –Wh-Question: Who bought a book?(subject wh-phrase) *John bought what?(only possible as an echo-question) What did John buy?(object wh-phrase) Grammar Rules: –sbar(sbar(X,A,Y)) --> np(X,wh), do(A), s(Y). –s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q), vp(Z). –vp(vp(Y,Z)) --> transitive(Y,_), np(Z,notwh). –pronoun(who,wh) --> [who]. –pronoun(what,wh) --> [what]. Object wh-question: –complex operation (irregular) 1.object wh-phrase must be fronted 2.do-support (insertion of past tense form of “do”) 3.bought buy (untensed form) 3.VP rule for missing (fronted) object –transitive(v(buy),root) --> [buy]. –vp(vp(Y)) --> transitive(Y,root). Problem: –sbar rule allows any s node to be used –e.g. allows What did John buy a book –How do we force our VP fronted rule to be used? s npvp v sbar np what buy john aux did
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Wh-Questions: Step 2.3 English –Declarative: John bought a book –Wh-Question: Who bought a book?(subject wh-phrase) *John bought what?(only possible as an echo-question) What did John buy?(object wh-phrase) Grammar Rules: –sbar(sbar(X,A,Y)) --> np(X,wh), do(A), s(Y). –s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q), vp(Z). –vp(vp(Y,Z)) --> transitive(Y,_), np(Z,notwh). –vp(vp(Y)) --> transitive(Y,root). –pronoun(who,wh) --> [who]. –pronoun(what,wh) --> [what]. Object wh-question: –complex operation (irregular) 1.object wh-phrase must be fronted 2.do-support (insertion of past tense form of “do”) 3.bought buy (untensed form) How do we force our VP fronted rule to be used? –Pass information down the tree using the nonterminal name Modify rule –sbar(sbar(X,A,Y)) --> np(X,wh), do(A), s_objectwh(Y). Add new rule –s_objectwh(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q), vp_objectwh(Z). Modify rule –vp_objectwh(vp(Y)) --> transitive(Y,root). s[objectwh] np vp [objectwh] v sbar np what buy john aux did
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Wh-Questions: Step 2.3 English –Declarative: John bought a book –Wh-Question: Who bought a book?(subject wh-phrase) *John bought what?(only possible as an echo-question) What did John buy?(object wh-phrase) Grammar Rules: –s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q), vp(Z). –vp(vp(Y,Z)) --> transitive(Y,_), np(Z,notwh). –pronoun(who,wh) --> [who]. –pronoun(what,wh) --> [what]. –sbar(sbar(X,A,Y)) --> np(X,wh), do(A), s_objectwh(Y). –s_objectwh(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q), vp_objectwh(Z). –vp_objectwh(vp(Y)) --> transitive(Y,root). Query: –?- sbar(X,[what,did,john,buy],[]). –X = sbar(np(what),aux(did),s(np(john),vp(v(buy)))) Cleaning up: –sbar(S) --> s(S). s[objectwh] np vp [objectwh] v sbar np what buy john aux did
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Next Time We’ll talk about machine translation
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