1. Chapter 12

2. Objectives Explain why diversity is a business issue Explain what happens to tokens in organizations. Explain the effects of increasing heterogeneity Describe dimensions of cultural differences Understand how to manage diversity in organizations

3. Diversity Relevant to organizations –Increased immigration –Cultural policies of equality (Human Rights) –Globalization Stereotyping –Attributing characteristics or acting toward an individual based on their belonging to a group and our assumptions about that group.

4. What Happens to Tokens? Assimilation via stereotyping Role encapsulation Contrast with majority Exaggerated, polarized differences Receive more attention Performance pressure Perceptual TendencyResult

5. Tokens Men = highest commitment levels in male homogeneous groups. Male tokens have low levels of satisfaction and commitment. Males had lower commitment in mixed gender groups. Women = lower commitment in female homogeneous groups. Female tokens had higher commitment. Females had higher commitment in mixed gender groups.

6. Tokens Whites = highest commitment levels in white homogeneous groups. White tokens have low levels of satisfaction and commitment. Whites had lower commitment in mixed race groups Non-whites = lower commitment in non-white homogeneous groups. Non-white tokens had higher commitment. Non-whites had higher commitment in mixed race groups.

7. Power and conflict explanations Social identity theory: the self-concept is socially constructed and situation specific. –One’s specific identities become salient in some situations. –Identities become salient in contrast to others

8. Power and conflict explanations Realistic conflict theory: traditional in-groups create policies that are favourable to the in- group and often unfavourable to the out- group. –As heterogeneity rises: low-status positions and potential difficulty in increasing status becomes more apparent. (?) The potential loss of status becomes more apparent. (?) Consequence is an increased potential for negative affect and conflict

9. Identity Incongruence –Identify with the high status group rather than one’s own group Act like the high status group Have attitudes similar to the high status towards one’s own in-group. (?)

10. Hofstede’s Value Dimensions of National Culture

11. ...Hofstede’s Value Dimensions of National Culture

12. Contact Attitude training Behavior change – cognitive dissonance effects –Harassment and equity policies –Mentoring programs Integration of diverse populations