1. Deformation of Solids Stress is proportional to Strain stress = elastic modulus * strain The SI unit for stress is the Newton per meter squared (N/m 2 ), which is also called the Pascal (Pa)

2. Young’s Modulus – elasticity in length When an object is stretched (compressed) lengthwise. Tensile Stress = Y is called Young’s Modulus, L o is the original length, and  L is the change in length.

3. Fig. 12.14, p.373

4. Fig. 12.15, p.374

5. Shear Modulus – elasticity of shape Shear stress occurs when a force acts parallel to the surface of an object Shear Stress = S is the shear modulus,  x is the horizontal distance the sheared face moves, h is the height of the object.

6. Fig. 12.16, p.374

7. Bulk Modulus – volume elasticity Volume stress has to do with uniform squeezing (like when an object is submersed in a fluid). Volume Stress = B is the bulk modulus,  V is the change in volume, and V is the original volume. The negative sign is there because an increase in the pressure will decrease the volume.

8. Fig. 12.17, p.375

9. Table 12.1, p.374

10. Fig. 12.18, p.376