1. Volcanoes

3. Volcanic landforms Effusive eruptions (gentle flows, lots of lava) cinder cones shield volcanoes plateau basalts Explosive eruptions (viscous lava, trapped gases) composite volcanoes calderas

4. Cinder cone Big Cinder Butte, Craters of the Moon, Idaho - forms small hills, less than 450 m high - black scoria rock with air bubbles

6. Shield volcano Mauna Loa, Hawaii Low viscosity magma Gases readily escape From this magma Effusive eruptions

9. Kilauea, Hawaii

12. Hot spot Seamounts

13. Plateau basalts

14. Composite volcano

15. Shield/Composite Comparison

16. Mount St. Helens: the day before

19. Flooding (from steam-melted ice and snow)

22. Four years later

23. Caldera Crater Lake, Oregon windblown ash landed in Calgary 6600 years ago

24. Volcanic hazards and effects hot ash (pyroclastics) steam and gas explosions lava flows poisonous gases (carbon dioxide, sulfuric acid) landslides tree blowdowns lahars (steam-melted ice and snow cause flooding and large mudflows) increase in atmospheric dust (decreased global temperatures)

25. Volcanic benefits new fertile soils - Hawaii, Philippines geothermal energy - Iceland, Italy, New Zealand new real estate - Iceland, Japan, Hawaii

26. Diamond-bearing kimberlite pipe