1. Trevor Caskey 12/7/06

2. History Krakatau island lies in the Sundra Straight between Java and Sumatra in Indonesia.

3. 1883 Eruption Krakatau erupted on August 27, 1883. One of the largest eruption ever recorded. As powerful as 21,547 atom bombs Destroyed 75% of island and sent a tsunami towards Java and Sumatra killing 36+ thousand people. No life remained on the islands.

5. Recolonization of the Islands The idea of studying and modeling plant dispersal on bare islands was brought up my K.W. Dammerman in 1948 and made into an actual field of study (Biogeography) by MacArthur and Wilson in the there book “ The Theory of Island Biogeography”(1963). Scientists kept surveys of floral and faunal species on Krakatau island from 1883 thru the 1930’s which were the basis for Dammerman, and MacArthur and Wilson’s work. From examining the data of these studies, animals (esp. birds) were the cause of approx. 25% of the plant species.

6. YEAR P TOTAL P PLANT P BIRDS B 1883(t=0)0000 1886(t=3)26 00 1897(t=14)6448168 1908(t=25)115862913 1920(t=37)1841384627 1928(t=45)2141605427 1934(t=51)2712036827 P TOTAL = Total number of plant species P PLANT = Number of plant species NOT introduced by birds P BIRDS = Number of plant species introduced by birds B = Number of bird species on the island

7. Metapopulation Modeling Basic Levin’s Model: dP/dt = cP(1-P)-eP P= population c = colonization rate e = extinction rate Mathematically this is the logistic model, which is used when there is limited environment for growth. r = growth rate P = population K = Carrying Capacity

8. This project is aimed at showing even though the carrying capacity K P P of the island is limited by the area of the island, K P P can be exceeded due to bird immigration. –The Model: r 1 = Colonization rate Pp r 2 = Unknown factor to be found r 3 = Colonization rate B K Pp = Carrying Capacity of Pp K B = Carrying Capacity B

9. From linear regression of the data, r1 and r3 were found. r 1 =0.267186r 3 = 1.582925 From looking at the data, K Pp and K B are assumed to be: K Pp = 203K B = 27

10. The solutions of the equations are: To find r 2 : Set P(t) to 271, B 0 =27, P p0 =203, t=51(1934) (from the data table) r 2 = 0.110566

11. Given our finished equations, we can now check them to see if they match the data. At t=3 (1886) B(3) = 0, P(3) =