1. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT Exam 1 CC3.32 Online Exam 1 October 21, 6:05-7:45 rm 3127N The PowerPoint is to help you focus on what will be on the exam. The exam will consist of 45 questions (multiple choice and T/F) and 6 extra credit questions. You are responsible to bring with you: pencil, calculator, string and ruler *Cell phones cannot be used during exam including as a calculator * Office Hour Update!! 10/13/09 Tuesday 3-5p w/Michelle rm.3114N (appt is necessary!!) 10/14/09 Wednesday 4-6 w/George rm.3114N (appt is necessary!!) 10/21/09 Wednesday 3:30-5:30 George/Michelle rm.3127N (no appt necessary) Next assignment ‘Fourth Dimension II’ is due via email by 11/18/09

2. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT Review for Exam 1 Online Geology Core CC3.32 ►KNOW THE DEFINITION OF A MINERAL AND A ROCK A MINERAL is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid, with a characteristic chemical composition, a highly ordered atomic structure and specific physical properties. A ROCK, by comparison, is an aggregate of minerals (and other debris such bones or shells) and need not have a specific chemical composition. http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/linksa/mineral_def. html

3. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT Review for Exam 1 Mineral Properties ►Know the difference between Cleavage and Fracture Cleavage and Fracture are mineral properties that describe the way a mineral breaks when stressed. Cleavage describes the way a mineral breaks along its plane of weakness. Fracture: A mineral property where the atomic bonding between atoms in the crystal structure is perfect with no weakness. When these minerals are stressed they shatter making no two pieces truly the same. http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/graphics/cleava ge/cleave_def.html

4. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT Review for Exam 1 Mineral Properties Hardness is a measure of a mineral's resistant to abrasion. This property is easily determined and is used widely for field identification of minerals. ►Know the difference between MOH’S hardness scale and the “simple” STEEL NAIL-FINGERNAIL scale. http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/linksa/hardnes s_def.html

5. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT Review for Exam 1 Mineral Properties ►KNOW HOW TO CALCULATE THE DENSITY OF A MINERAL. Density or specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of water. Density = Weight/Volume 1) Begin by recording the weight of the specimen, in this case 155.8 grams.

6. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT Review for Exam 1 Mineral Properties ►HOW TO CALCULATE THE DENSITY OF A MINERAL. Density or specific gravity 2) The amount of water displaced is 20ml = 20cc (920- 900) 3) Divide 155.8g/20cc = 7.79 g/cc. So, the density of the minerals is 7.79g/cc.

7. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT Review for Exam 1 Mineral Properties ►KNOW WHAT IS STREAK. The streak of a mineral is the color it displays in finely powdered form. The streak maybe completely different from the color of the hand specimen. One of the simplest ways of determining the streak of a mineral is to rub a specimen across a piece of unglazed porcelain known as a streak plate.

8. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT Review for Exam 1 Mineral Properties ►KNOW HOW TO APPLY THESE PROPERTIES◄ HARDNESS DENSITY STREAK COLOR You’ll be ask to identify an unknown mineral using these properties which will be given to you in the test. Link to mineral ID charts and self-checking table: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/linksa/resourceMenu_mi n.html

9. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT Review for Exam 1 Maps You will be responsible to answer similar questions as you had on your map assignment. This includes: Finding the gradient Labeling contours Determining stream direction http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/linksa/contour maps_menu.html

10. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT Review for Exam 1 Maps: Determine Direction of Stream Flow Scale bar length = 100 miles Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R In what general direction is the stream flowing? Answer: From West to East (The legs of the letter V give you the direction of flow) Protractor used to determine azimuth readings

11. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT Review for Exam 1 Maps: Distance Between Two Points Scale bar length = 100 miles Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R 1) We measure the scale with the ruler and now we know that 1.5 cm = 100 miles Protractor What is the straight line distance between points Q and T in miles?

12. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT Review for Exam 1 Maps: Distance Between Two Points Scale bar length = 100 miles Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R 2) We measure the distance between the two points that is 8.5 cm = x miles Protractor What is the straight line distance between points Q and T in miles?

13. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT Review for Exam 1 Maps: Distance Between 2 Points Calculations

14. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT Review for Exam 1 Maps: Distance Between 2 Points (MILES) Scale bar length = 100 miles Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R Protractor Answer: The distance between points Q and T is 567 miles.

15. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT Review for Exam 1 Maps: Gradient of a Steam Scale bar length = 100 miles Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R Protractor What is the average gradient of the stream between points R and T? Begin by measuring the length of the stream. Lay carefully a string along the course of the river.

16. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT Review for Exam 1 Maps: Gradient of a Steam 2) Measure the string with a ruler, in this case the measurement is 5 4/16 or 5 ¼ inches. After completing the calculations (on the left) the distance measured by the ruler is 884 miles (this is your horizontal distance).

17. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT Review for Exam 1 Maps: Gradient of a Steam Scale bar length = 100 miles Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R Next, Measure the heights of points R and T. Label the contours taking into account the contour interval = 50 ft and the elevation of point Q = 583 ft Protractor

18. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT 2)Measure the heights of points R and T and find the difference between them (this is your vertical difference). R = 500 ft, T = 400 ft Difference is 100ft. Protractor Scale bar length = 100 m Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R Review for Exam 1 Maps: Gradient of a Steam

19. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT Review for Exam 1 Maps: Gradient of a Steam ► Remember: Gradient or steepness between two points is the difference in elevation (ED) divided by the horizontal distance (HD): To Calculate Gradient: (Using the numbers from the previous slides) ED (difference in elevation)= 100 feet HD (horizontal distance) = 884 miles 100 ft 884 miles = 0.11 feet/mile Gradient= ED = HD *Gradient is equivalent to slope (m=y/x)*

20. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT What is the elevation (in feet) of contour ‘d’? Answer: 400 ft Protractor Scale bar length = 100 m Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R Review for Exam 1 Maps

21. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT What is the elevation of contour ‘k’? Answer: 650 feet Review for Exam 1 Maps Protractor Scale bar length = 100 m Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R

22. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT What is the azimuth direction going from the start point towards the end point? Start Point = Q and the End Point = R The direction is about 1.5 o (“1.5 degrees”). Review for Exam 1 Maps Scale bar length = 100 m Contour Interval = 50 feet Elevation of point Q = 583 feet Start Point: Q End Point: R

23. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT Review for Exam 1 Maps: Distance one inch = 2.54 cm one mile = 5280 feet What is the distance between points B and F in miles? Answer: The distance between points B and F is 2 ¼ inches

24. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT one inch = 2.54cm one mile = 5280 feet What is distance between points B and F in miles: From the scale we know that 1inch:60,000inches. So for 2 inches on the map we have 120,000 inches on the ground PLUS the.25 inches which equates to 15,000 inches for a total of 2.25inches = 135,000 inches Review for Exam 1 Maps: Distance

25. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT The distance between points B and F in miles is: Now we convert those 135,000 inches to feet to miles Review for Exam 1 Maps: Distance one inch = 2.54 cm one mile = 5280 feet

26. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT Review for Exam 1 Maps: Distance one inch = 2.54 cm one mile = 5280 feet What is the distance between points A and C in kilometers? The distance in inches from point A to point C is 1 9/16 inches

27. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT What is the distance between points A and C in kilometers? First lets see how many map units make up 1 9/16 inches. Review for Exam 1 Maps: Distance one inch = 2.54 cm one mile = 5280 feet 1 9/16 = 1 X 60,000 Solve for X by cross multiplying: 1.5625 * 60,000 = 93,780 inches

28. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT Review for Exam 1 Maps: Distance What is the distance between points A and C in kilometers? Now we convert 93,780 inches into FEET, then into MILES and finally Miles into KILOMETERS.

29. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT Review for Exam 1 Maps: Topographic Features Overhanging Cliff Gentle Slope-widely space contours Hill Steep Slope- narrow spaced contours Closed Depression

30. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT Review for Exam 1 Maps Match the following contours with the appropriate profiles:

31. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT Review for Exam 1 Maps Match the following contours with the appropriate profiles: 1B2E3D4C5F6A1B2E3D4C5F6A

32. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT Review for Exam 1 What is an outcrop? What is bedrock? What is the differences between the two? ►Bedrock is a layer of undisturbed rock usually located beneath a surface layer of soil or other material. ►A surface exposure of bedrock is called an outcrop.

33. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT Review for Exam 1 Geologic Map Examine the geologic map to the left. The numbered rectangles represent different outcrops of bedrock. Assume that each of the individual formations maintains a more or less constant thickness throughout the region. Then connect the same formations. http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/linksa/geologi c_maps/geologic_maps_menu2.html

34. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT At drill hole E we hit Formation 1 At drill hole A we hit Formation 2 At drill hole D we hit what Formation?? Review for Exam 1 Geologic Map **Please keep in mind you must be consistent with the thicknesses of the beds as you draw your line connecting Formations.

35. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT Review for Exam 1 Locations w/in the NYC Metropolitan Area Know all of the locations marked on the map. http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/linksa/geography/geog_n yc_menu2.html

36. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT Review for Exam 1 Longitude and Latitude http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/linksa/l atlong_menu.html

37. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT Review for Exam 1 Longitude and Latitude Answer: Latitude (Horizontal) 5 o 59’ 45” North Longitude (Vertical) 71 o 00’ 00” West What is the latitude and longitude at point J? Determining the latitude and longitude of a point http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/linksa/angm eas.html

38. BROOKLYN COLLEGE GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT Review for Exam 1 Longitude and Latitude What is the latitude and longitude at point H? For the latitude: (pink arrows) We see that point H is between 5 o 59’ 45” and 6 o 00’ 00” so we have 15” in between. We take half of 15” which is about 8” and add those 8” to 45” to get a latitude of 5 o 59’ 53”. For the longitude: (blue arrows) We see that point H lies between 71 o 00’ 00” and 71 o 00’ 45” so we have 45” in between. Take half of 45” which is about 23” so we add those seconds to 00” to get a longitude 71 o 00’ 23”.