1. Oslo, 4 March 2005Managing Nuclear Material Stockpiles in the 21 st Century 1 Nuclear Material Security and Multilateral Agreements Stephan Klement Office of the High Representative’s Personal Representative for WMD non-proliferation, Council of the European Union, Brussels

2. Oslo, 4 March 2005Managing Nuclear Material Stockpiles in the 21 st Century 2 The nuclear security challenge Increased availability of sensitive nuclear materials (plutonium economy, excess weapons materials) Emergence of threats posed by non-state actors Dissemination of fuel cycle equipment and technology (enrichment, reprocessing, heavy water technology)

3. Oslo, 4 March 2005Managing Nuclear Material Stockpiles in the 21 st Century 3 A conceptual framework for nuclear material security I.Verification measures  Verification of correctness and completeness of nuclear material holdings II.Export control measures  Prevention of illicit transfer of nuclear material holdings III.Physical protection measures  Protection of nuclear material holdings against theft, sabotage IV.Other confidence building measures  CBMs in the civilian and military nuclear field

4. Oslo, 4 March 2005Managing Nuclear Material Stockpiles in the 21 st Century 4 I.Verification measures Article III.1 NPT: NNWS accept safeguards on nuclear materials - Comprehensive safeguards agreements (INFCIRC/153)- 1972 - Additional Protocol (INCIRC/540) - 1997 Chapter VII, Euratom treaty: civilian nuclear fuel cycle in all EU Member States under safeguards Trilateral initiative (Russian Federation/United States/IAEA): verification of classified forms of nuclear material, including weapons components

5. Oslo, 4 March 2005Managing Nuclear Material Stockpiles in the 21 st Century 5 II. Export control measures Article III.2 NPT: parties to provide nuclear materials for peaceful purposes only under the condition of safeguards Zangger Committee (ZC): trigger list Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG): dual-use list Wassenaar Arrangement (WA): other sensitive materials and equipment

6. Oslo, 4 March 2005Managing Nuclear Material Stockpiles in the 21 st Century 6 III.Physical protection measures Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (CPPNM) (INFCIRC/274/Rev.1 of May 1980) Efforts to strengthen CPPNM through expansion of scope are currently underway Physical protection standards required by export control guidelines

7. Oslo, 4 March 2005Managing Nuclear Material Stockpiles in the 21 st Century 7 IV. Other confidence building measures Transparency measures, e.g. adoption of guidelines for plutonium management and declarations on plutonium holdings (INFCIRC/549) 13 steps for nuclear disarmament (NPT 2000 Review Conference): transparency, irreversibility, reporting

8. Oslo, 4 March 2005Managing Nuclear Material Stockpiles in the 21 st Century 8 UNSC Resolution 1540 (April 2004) Calling for adequate measures - to prevent the transfer of sensitive materials and equipment to non-state actors; - to account for sensitive materials and equipment; - to put in place appropriate physical protection of sensitive materials and equipment; - to apply adequate border controls against illicit trafficking in sensitive materials and equipment; - to implement national export, transit, trans-shipment and re-export controls.

9. Oslo, 4 March 2005Managing Nuclear Material Stockpiles in the 21 st Century 9 EU strategy against WMD proliferation (adopted by the European Council in December 2003) Enhancing security of proliferation sensitive materials (physical protection, export controls, …) Supporting multilateral organisations in charge of verification activities - EU Council Joint Action in support of IAEA nuclear security fund (May 2004) - EU Council Joint Action for the physical protection of a nuclear installation in the Russian Federation (November 2004)

10. Oslo, 4 March 2005Managing Nuclear Material Stockpiles in the 21 st Century 10 Threat Reduction Initiatives G-8 Global Partnership: disposition of excess weapons-grade plutonium in the Russian Federation and the United States GTRI: conversion of HEU fuelled research reactors, disposition of spent HEU fuel Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI): “enforcement of export controls”

11. Oslo, 4 March 2005Managing Nuclear Material Stockpiles in the 21 st Century 11 Conclusions and Outlook Nuclear material security as a multi- dimensional challenge: civilian and military aspects and interface Transparency / Reporting on existing stocks Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty (FMCT)