1. Supernovae and GRB Connection Ken’ichi Nomoto (Univ. of Tokyo) MAGNUM (U. Tokyo)

2. Supernova Spectra (Maximum Light) ( Å ) log(Flux)

3. Hypernova Candidates E kinetic > (5-10)×10 51 ergs SNe Ic SNGRB 1998bw980425 1997ef(971115) 2002ap 2003dh030329 2003lw031203 1997dq 1998ey 1992ar SN 1998bw GRB 980425

4. Ia Ic Ib 94I 97ef 98bw He CaO SiII Hyper -novae Spectra of Supernovae & Hypernovae Hypernovae ： broad features blended lines “Large mass at high velocities” Ic: no H, no strong He, no strong Si

5. Core Collapse SNe ＩＩ -P –Single RG ＩＩ n, ＩＩ -L, ＩＩ b –Close Binaries? Ｉ b, Ｉ c –Single WR –Close Binaries Hypernovae ( Ｉ c) ↔ Gamma-Ray Bursts –Rotating Single WR? (Helium) –Close Binary Mergers? (Mass of SN ejecta: Mej ?) Mass loss

6. SN1994I SN2006aj SN2003lw SN1997ef SN2002ap SN2003dh SN1998bw

7. 56 Co-decay

8. Parameters [M ej, E, M( 56 Ni)] Si C+O He H-rich M C+O Fe Collapse 56 Ni 56 Co ５６ Fe M ms /M  M C+O /M  ~ 4013.8 ~ 3511.0 ~ 225.0 Light CurveSpectra  ~ [ dyn  diffusion ] 1/2 ~ R VR c  M ej 1/2   ½ M ej ¾ E -¼ E  M ej 3 E  M ej CO Star Models for SNeIc ５６ Ni

9. Jet-like explosion Tominaga et al. 2005

10. M=25M , E=3×10 50 erg [Fe/H]= － 5.3 Mr (M  ) 0 －1－1 －2－2 －3－3 －4－4 2468 He H C C O O N Ne Mg 56 Fe Ti 58 Ni Log X ejecta Fallback M BH ~6M  Umeda & Nomoto (2003) Mixing

11. Spectral Fitting: SN1997ef Normal SN (E 51 =1) Small M ej Hypernova (E 51 =20) Large M ej at High Vel. Too Narrow Features Broad Features Iwamoto et al. (2000) E 51 =E/10 51 erg

12. 0 50 100 t (days) 98bw 94I 97ef Radioactive Decay 56 Ni 56 Co 56 Fe C+O Star Models 98bw97ef94I M ms (M  ) 403515 M C+O (M  ) 13.810.02.1 E K (10 51 erg) 30201 M( 56 Ni) (M  ) 0.50.150.07 log L (erg/s) 43 42 41 Light curves of Hypernovae & SNeIc

14. GRB 030329 / SN 2003dh Hjorth et al (2003)

15. SN2003dh / GRB030329 Deng et al. (2005)

16. SN2003lw / GRB031203 Deng et al. (2005)

17. Supernova – GRB Connection GRBSNM CO /M  M ms /M  E/10 51 ergM( 56 Ni)/M  9804251998bw1440300.4 0303292003dh1135400.35 0312032003lw1645600.55 Three GRB － SNe = all Type Ic Hypernovae E > 10 52 erg ( ～ 10×normal SN) Large M ms →Black Hole Forming SNe Aspherical

18. Very narrow lines. V < 1000 km s -1. E K =1-4×10 50 ergs. V~1000km s -1 2002gd, 1999br Faint M( 56 Ni)~0.002M  Type II-P SN 1997D (Turatto, Mazzali, Young, Nomoto 2002)

19. SN Ⅱ 1997D: Faint SN Turatto, Mazzali, Young, Nomoto, Iwamoto et al. (1998) 1997D 1987A 1997D L BOL M ms ~20M  M ms ~ 25 － 30M  R ≤ 300R  M( 56 Ni) 0.07M  0.002M  m － M=30.64 (NGC1536) E~4×10 50 erg narrow lines

20. Hypernovae/Faint SNe EKEK Nomoto et al. (2003) Failed SN? 13M ☉ ~15M ☉ GRB-SN

21. Nomoto et al. (astro-ph/0308136) GRB-SN Hypernovae/Faint SNe ( 56 Ni mass)

22. Non-GRB Hypernovae SNe 1997ef, 1999as, 2002ap, 2003jd MAGNUM (U. Tokyo)

23. Brightest Hypernova: 1999as @z=0.127 E ~ 3×10 52 erg M ms ~ 60M  M CO ~ 20M  M( 56 Ni) ~ 5.4M  SN 1999as mag (Deng et al. ) ( Knop et al.)

24. SN1994I SN2006aj SN2003lw SN1997ef SN2002ap SN2003dh SN1998bw

25. SN 2003jd SN 1998bw SN 2002ap SN 2003jd SN 1983V

26. Spectra of SN2002ap 4M  C+O star (Mms ~ 25) (E = 4e51 erg) Mazzali et al. 2002

27. XRF060218SN2006 SN2006aj 200602

29. SN1994I SN2006aj SN2003lw SN1997ef SN2002ap SN2003dh SN1998bw

30. Fe III, Fe II OI 7774 3 days since the explosion

31. Ca II IR triplet OI 7774 Si II 16 days since the explosion

32. Comparison with 02ap SN 2006aj (21 Feb 2006) SN 2002ap at z=0.033 Model 4Msun Model 2Msun OI 7774

33. SN 2006aj 13 days after the explosion (3 Mar 2006) CaII IR triplet OI 7774 SiII 6355 FeII, FeIII CrII, TiII Model 2 Msun 4 Msun

35. SN 2006aj

36. XRF 060218/ SN 2006aj Small Oxygen Mass < 1.3 M  M ej ~ 2 M  (M ms ~ 20 M  ) E ~ 2 x 10 51 erg M( 56 Ni)~0.21M  Neutron Star forming SN ? Magnetar-driven XRF ? Mass Loss Rate ? Shell ? Cas A – connection ?

37. Non-GRB, peculiar SN Ib 2005bf MAGNUM (U. Tokyo)

38. SN Ib 2005bf: Spectra Tominaga et al. 2005 He H feature

39. SN 2005bf: Observed Light Curves Tominaga et al. 2005 Folatelli et a. 2006 Modjaz et al. 2006

40. Comparison with other SN Ib/c

41. SN 2005bf: Abundance Distribution Mass Fraction Velocity [km/s] X( 56 Ni)=0.44 X( 56 Ni)=0.013 X( 56 Ni)=0.03 X(He)=0.44 1,6003,9005,400 Ni Si, O, C He H,He 13,000

42. Type Ib SN 2005bf Peculiar Light Curve –Double peaks : M( 56 Ni)~0.3M  –Slow rise to the 2nd peak (~40 days) –Rapid decline M ej ~ 6 – 7 M  (M ms ~ 25 – 30 M  ) E ~ 1.3 x 10 51 erg Explosion of a WN star He, H features

43. Subaru FOCAS Obs. of SN 2005bf [O Ｉ ] ~10 days after the 2 nd peak. He indicated by [Ca Ｉ Ｉ ] [Fe Ｉ Ｉ ]?? HH

44. Unipolar Ejection of 56 Ni(Fe)? sym. axis [OI] 6300 [FeII] 7150 [CaII] 7300 O Ca Fe

45. SN 2005bf: Light Curve @ Late Phases

46. Type Ib SN 2005bf Nebula Spectrum –[FeII], [CaII],[OI] : Blue shifted by ~1500 km/s –[OI] : Double peaks –Unipolar Jet ? –Kick ? (v ~ 200 – 600 km/s ?) Neutron Star Forming SN ?? - normal E, small mass cut, large M(Ni) Rapid decline of LC: 56 Ni decay ?? - Magnetar?? GRB connection??

47. First Star – Hypernova Connection: Abundance Patterns of Extremely Metal-Poor Stars

48. Metal Poor Stars Mega Metal Poor (MMP): [Fe/H] < -6 Hyper Metal Poor (HMP): [Fe/H] < -5 Ultra Metal Poor (UMP): [Fe/H] < -4 Extremely Metal Poor(EMP) : [Fe/H] < -3 Very Metal Poor (VMP): [Fe/H] < -2 Metal Poor (MP) : [Fe/H] < -1 Solar: [Fe/H] ~ 0 Super Metal Rich(SMR): [Fe/H] > +0.5 [Fe/H]=log(Fe/H)-log(Fe/H)  (Beers & Christlieb 2005)

49. Mn CoCr Zn trend McWilliam, Ryan [Fe/H]

51. Low energyHigh energy (1) M(Complete Si-burning) (Zn, Co)/Fe (Mn, Cr)/Fe Fe/(O, Si) (2) More  ‐ rich entropy Zn/Fe 64 Ge Ti/Fe (3) More O burns (Si, S, Ca)/O Hypernova Nucleosynthesis

52. Normal SNe ｖｓ Ｈ ypernovae than Normal SNe Hypernovae complete Si burning incomplete Si burning

54. Hyper Metal Poor star: HE0107- 5240 Discovery ： (Christrieb et al. 2002) Red-giant ~ 0.8 M  [Fe/H] ~ - 5.2 [C/Fe] ~ + 4 Pop III (first generation) or Second generation? Formation of Pop III low mass star?

55. Hyper Metal Poor (HMP) stars Iwamoto et al. (Science 2005)

56. First Supernovae [Fe/H] : -5 -4 -3 -2.5 Faint SNe Hypernovae Normal SNe Black-Hole Forming Supernovae (20-130M  ) ⇒ First Black Hole > 2~6M 

57. NameM ms E 51 M( 56 Ni) 1998bw40500.4 2003dh25-40350.4 2003lw45600.6 1997ef30-35150.15 2002ap20-2540.08 2005bf2510.3 2006aj2020.2 1987A2010.07 1993J11-1510.08 1994I1410.07 1997D20-400.40.005 1999br15-350.60.002

60. Supernova – GRB Connection Mass – E (Rotation?) GRB-SN –Hypernovae (M > 30 M  ; E > 1 x 10 52 erg) –Black hole forming –Type Ic: M(CO) ~ 10-16 M  Non-GRB HN (off-axis ?) XRF-SN (M ms ~ 20 M  E ~ 2 x 10 51 erg) Neutron Star forming ? Magnetar-driven Explosion? Peculiar SNe: (NS—BH boundary ?) First Star connection

61. Possible Types of SN-HN Type Ib Hypernova ? (Helium in mixed WR) Type II Hypernova ? –Rotating Black-Hole + H-rich Envelope (low metallicity?) Faint SN Ibc ? –Small 56 Ni (fallback) + No Shock Heating Faint Hypernovae (fallback of 56 Ni)  Dark SN/HN (Long GRB + no SN)