1. منت خدای را عزو جل،که طاعتش موجب قرین است و به شکر اندرش مزید نعمت. هر نفسی که فرو می رود ممد حیات است و چون بر می آید مفرح ذات. پس در هر نفسی دو نعمت موجود و بر هر نعمت شکری واجب. بنام خداوند بخشنده مهربان

2. فیزیولوژی تنفس ( 6 جلسه – 3/5 نمره) توسط: دکتر محمد حسین دشتی جلسه اول: اعمال کلی دستگاه تنفس - فیزیولوژی مجاری هوایی - مکانیک تنفس جلسه دوم: حجمها و ظرفیتهای استاتیک ریه - حجمهای دینامیک جلسه سوم:تهویه ریوی- تهویه حبابچه ای- فضای مرده - کومپلیانس ریه جلسه چهارم:کار تنفس – اثر نیروی ثقل بر تهویه جلسه پنجم: ویژگیهای گردش خون ریوی- تبادل گازها با خون- نسبت تهویه به جریان خون- خود تنظیمی ریوی جلسه ششم:انتقال گازهای تنفسی در خون – کنترل تنفس

3. منابع 1- فيزيولوژي پزشكي گايتون- چاپ یازدهم ( فصلهاي 37 ،38 ،39 ؛40 و 41 ) 2- کلیات فیزیولوژی پزشكي گانونگ- چاپ بیست و سوم ( فصلهاي 34 ،35 و 36 ) 3- مبانی فِزِِِِيولوژي BERNE & LEVY چاپ چهارم( فصلهاي 25 ،26 ،27 ،28 و 29) فیزیولوژی تنفس نویسنده: میخائیل لویتسکی مترجمین: محمد حسین دشتی- عباس مرشدی:

4. Respiratory Physiology By: M.H.Dashti Lecture 1 Introduction to respiratory physiology, physiological functions of respiratory tracts, mechanics of breathing

5. Figure 23.13 Respiration is a series of integrated processes cell ISF Blood AIR

6. The steps of external respiration include: 1.Pulmonary ventilation 2.Gas Exchange Between Air in the lungs And Blood in the pulmonary capillaries 3.Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood 4.Gas Exchange Between Blood in the systemic capillaries and interstitial fluid The First 2 Steps Are The Functions Of Respiratory System

7. Functional organization of the Respiratory System Intra pulmonary airways Respiratory Membrane ( alveoli ) LUNGS Respiratory pump

8. The bronchial tree & it's different Zones Conducting Zone –1 st 16 airway generations –Trachea to terminal bronchioles –No gas exchange –Gas transport by Convection –Location of Anatomic Dead Space Respiratory Zone –Last 7 airway generations –Respiratory bronchioles to Alveoli –Gas exchange at Alveolar - Capillary membrane. –Gas transport by Diffusion –Large surface area ( 70 m 2 )

9. The effect of airway's cross sectional area on airway resistance

10. Air flow & its types & velocity through the conducting zone (P atm – P alv) (P atm – P alv) Poiseuill’s law: Air flow = Q or F = ---------------- R Poiseuill’s law: Air flow = Q or F = ---------------- R Types (Laminar, Turbulent or intermediate ) depends on: Types (Laminar, Turbulent or intermediate ) depends on: Reynold’s number: Re=ρDV/η where ρ(rho)=density,D=diameter, V= velocity & η=viscosityReynold’s number: Re=ρDV/η where ρ(rho)=density,D=diameter, V= velocity & η=viscosity Re= 2000 is critical Re= 2000 is critical Velocity : Velocity : V=F/A where F=Flow & A= cross sectional area V=F/A where F=Flow & A= cross sectional area

11. Lung volume affects airway resistance & conductance airway resistance is also affected by the density and viscosity of the inspired gas.

12. Control of Airway resistance via their Smooth Muscle-1 Circadian rhythm Circadian rhythm Max constriction at 6 A.M.Max constriction at 6 A.M. Max dilation at 6 p.m.Max dilation at 6 p.m. Neural control Neural control sympathetic-beta-2 receptors causing dilatationsympathetic-beta-2 receptors causing dilatation Parasympathetic-muscarinic receptors causing constrictionParasympathetic-muscarinic receptors causing constriction NANC nerves (non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic)NANC nerves (non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic) Inhibitory release VIP and NO  broncho dilatation Inhibitory release VIP and NO  broncho dilatation Stimulatory release ATP, CCK or ?  broncho constriction ( reflective spasm ), mucous secretion, vascular hyper permeability & vasodilatation ( neurogenic inflammation ) and cough. Stimulatory release ATP, CCK or ?  broncho constriction ( reflective spasm ), mucous secretion, vascular hyper permeability & vasodilatation ( neurogenic inflammation ) and cough.

13. Control of Airway resistance via their Smooth Muscle-2 Local factors Bronchoconstrictors histamine via H1 receptors slow reactive substance of anaphylaxis- allergic response to pollen Prostaglandin- F series Environmental pollution Cold weather Bronchodilatators histamine via H2 receptors Prostaglandins E series ↓Po2 & ↑pco2 in inspired air

14. The mucociliary transport system in the airways: The sol phase or periciliary fluid, The gel phase or mucus layer & cilia

16. mechanics of breathing L ung & chest wall relationship Each lung is covered by one pleura a serous membrane lining the pleural cavity Parietal pleura- attaches to the walls of the pleural cavity Visceral pleura- adheres to the surface of the lungs

17. Pleural Pressure Lungs have a natural tendency to collapse –surface tension forces 2/3 –elastic fibers 1/3 Chest wall has a natural tendency to expand negative pleural pressure itself is produced by 2 opposite recoil tendencies of lung and chest wall and keeps these 2 Lungs Held against the chest wall by “suction” or negative pleural pressure

18. mechanics of breathing based on BOYL’S LAW of gasses ( PV=k )

19. According to Poiseuill’s law air flows in & out of the lungs by Alveolar Pressure Changes which is based on BOYL’S LAW P B =0 (P B – P alv ) Q or F = ---------------- R

20. According to Boyl's Law, Pressure changes are related to volume changes which requires the contraction of ventilatory muscles Inspiratory muscles Sup. Serratus Levator Costarum Expiratory muscles Post Inf. Serratus Transverse Thoracis Pyramidal Deep Inspiratory muscles Tidal Inspiratory muscles