1. Society Women Education Religion Mass Culture

2. Section Objectives n Examine if women are expressing themselves and asserting their equal rights in what has been a male dominated society. n Consider the role of the education system in building group orientation and in creating a society of equal opportunity and individual expression. n Reflect on whether religion plays a significant role in shaping behavior and enriching life in Japan. n Consider the capacity for individual expression within a mass culture society.

3. Change and continuity as explanation n What is the biggest issue facing Japan today?

15. n How do you explain this phenomenon?

17. Women in Japan

19. Women n An entrenched ‘double standard’ versus equal rights n Sexual division of labor n Diverging paths in education and employment n Individual expression in “a man’s world.”

20. Equal rights versus an entrenched ‘double standard’ u Ancient matriarchy and agricultural partnerships u Constitutional equality of rights for women today n Confucian subordination of women in feudal society  household registration system n Entertainers and patrons of the floating world  entertainment expenses of salarymen n Arranged marriages  go-between and love marriages n Divorce as a male privilege  women’s difficulty to divorce n Laws enforcing subordination  toothless laws ineffectually supporting equality

21. Sexual division of labor The Corporate System n Salaryman career; absent husband and father n Full or part time housewife and education mama The Family business n Greater partnership between husband and wife n Mixed pattern of external job and family business Career Women n Professionals, entrepreneurs, managers

22. Percentage of Women Among Total Number of Employed Persons

26. Diverging paths in education and employment n Equal pressure and competition in public school n Divergence at the university level n The “M-curve” in women’s employment n Two tracks of company career paths

27. The ‘M’ Curve 2000

28. The ‘M’ Curve 2004

29. 2000 2004

30. Growth in Female Part-time

31. Growth in Wages

32. Women in Managerial Positions n Director: Head of a group comprised of more than 20 employees or more than 2 departments. n Section Manager: Head of a group comprised of more than 10 employees or more than 2 sections. n Chief: A person usually called "chief" regardless of the number of the people in a group.

37. A woman’s expression in “a man’s world.” Male control of money and reproduction versus n Delaying marriages and children for shopping and travel n Housewife arts, cooperatives, social and political activities n Japanese feminism n The salaryman “alternative”