2. © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.1 Chapter 7 Orientation and Training

3. © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.2 Training as an Investment Training is an investment in human capital. Managers must understand that large investments in physical plant, modern machinery, and new technology cannot be fully realized if there is no equivalent investment in human capital. The acquisition of new skills is not only vital to improving quality and productivity, but it is also essential if companies want to meet global competition.

4. © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.3 The Balance Between New Employee Capabilities and Job Demands New Employee Capabilities Orientation Training Job Demands

5. © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.4 Socialization Socialization is the continuing process by which an employee begins to understand and accept the values, norms, and beliefs held by others in the organization.

6. © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.5 Stages of Socialization Anticipatory socialization Encounter Change and acquisition Orientation programs

7. © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.6 Orientation Reduce employee turnover Reduce errors and save time Develop clear job and organizational expectations Improve job performance Attain acceptable job performance levels faster

8. © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.7 Orientation Increase organizational stability Reduce employee anxiety Reduce grievances Reduce instances of corrective discipline

9. © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.8 Contents of Orientation Programs Organizational Issues History of employer Organization of employer Names and titles of key executives Employee’s title and department Layout of physical facilities Probationary period Product line or service provided Overview of production prices Company policies and rules Disciplinary regulations Employee handbook Safety procedures and enforcement

10. © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.9 Contents of Orientation Programs Employee Benefits Pay scales and paydays Vacations and holidays Rest breaks Training and education benefits Counselling Insurance benefits Retirement program Employer-provided services to employees Rehabilitation programs

11. © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.10 Contents of Orientation Programs Introductions To supervisor To trainers To co-workers To employee counsellor

12. © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.11 Contents of Orientation Programs Job Duties Job location Job tasks Job safety requirements Overview of job Job objectives Relationship to other jobs

13. © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.12 ROPES Program Provides realistic information. Orientation should provide realistic information about the job environment and the organization Gives general support and reassurance. It means telling new employees that the stress they experience during the first days or week is normal

14. © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.13 ROPES Program Demonstrates coping skills. The orientation program should include stress training Identifies specific potential stressors. The program should identify specific stressors, explain their impact, and explain an appropriate coping behaviour

15. © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.14 Orientation Pitfalls Overwhelmed with too much information to absorb in a short time Given only menial tasks that discourage job interest and company loyalty Overload with forms to fill out and manuals to read

16. © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.15 Orientation Pitfalls Pushed into the job with a sketchy orientation under the mistaken philosophy that “trial by fire” is the best orientation Forced to fill in the gaps between a broad orientation by the human resource department and a narrow orientation at the department level

17. © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.16 Evaluating Orientation Effectiveness Reactions from new employees Effects of socialization on job attitudes and roles Degree to which the program is economical

18. © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.17 Training Training refers to a planned effort by an organization to facilitate the learning of job related behaviour of its employees. The term behaviour is used broadly to include any knowledge and skill acquired by an employee through practice.

19. © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.18 A Training System Approach: Preliminary Steps in Preparing a Training Program Skills Knowledge Ability of Workers Actual Program Program Content Learning Principles Evaluation Evaluation Criteria Training Objectives Needs Assessment

20. © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.19 Needs Assessment Needs assessment diagnoses present problems and environmental challenges that can be met through training, or the future challenges to be met through long-term development.

21. © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.20 Training Objectives The desired behaviour The conditions under which it is to occur The acceptable performance criteria

22. © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.21 Learning Principles Learning principles are guidelines to the ways in which people learn most effectively.

23. © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.22 Learning Principles Participation improves motivation and apparently engages more senses that help reinforce the learning process Repetition apparently etches a pattern into our memory

24. © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.23 Learning Principles Relevance Learning is helped when the material to be learned is meaningful. For example, trainers usually explain the overall purpose of a job to trainees before explaining specific tasks. This explanation allows the worker to see the relevance of each task and the importance of following the given procedures.

25. © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.24 Learning Principles Transference Transference is the application of training to actual job situations. The closer the demands of the training program match the demands of the job, the faster a person learns to master the job. For example, pilots are usually trained in flight simulators because the simulators very closely resemble the actual cockpit and flight characteristics of the plane. The close match between the simulator and the plane allows the trainee to transfer quickly the learning in the simulator to actual flight conditions.

26. © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.25 Learning Principles Feedback Feedback gives learners information on their progress. With feedback, motivated learners can adjust their behaviour to achieve the quickest possible learning curve. Without feedback, learners cannot gauge their progress and may become discouraged. Test grades are feedback on the study habits of test takers, for example.

27. © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.26 Criteria for Selecting a Training Technique Cost-effectiveness Desired program content Appropriateness of the facilities Trainee preferences and capabilities Trainer preferences and capabilities Learning principles

28. © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.27 Training Techniques On-the-job-training Job rotation Apprenticeships and coaching

29. © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.28 Training Techniques Off-the-job-training Lecture and video presentations Vestibule training Role-playing Case study Simulation

30. © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.29 Training Techniques Off-the-job-training Self-study and programmed learning Laboratory training Computer-based training Virtual reality (VR) Internet or web-based training, virtual education, and e- learning

31. © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.30 Orientation Evaluation Criteria Reaction Knowledge Attitudes Behaviour Organizational results

32. © 2002 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.31 Steps in the Evaluation of Training Evaluation Criteria Pre-test Trained or Developed Workers Post-test Transfer to the Job Follow-up Studies