1. Introduction to System Analysis and Development
The Value of Analysis and Design
Components of IS
Ethical Issues
Dr Manolya Kavakli
Senior Lecturer
Department of Computer Science
Macquarie University
Read: Ch 1 [Shelly]

2. Chapter Objectives
Discuss the impact of information technology on business strategy and success
Define an information system and describe its components
Identify various types of information systems and explain who uses them 3 2

3. Chapter Objectives Explain modeling, prototyping, and CASE tools
Distinguish between structured analysis and object-oriented analysis
Compare the systems development life cycle waterfall model to adaptive models
Discuss the role of the information technology department and the systems analysts who work there
Discuss Ethical Issues 3 3

4. Introduction Why do companies use information?
Companies use information as a weapon in the battle to
increase productivity,
deliver quality products and services,
maintain customer loyalty, and
make sound decisions.
Information Technology can mean the difference between success and failure. 4 4

5. Definition of Information Technology
What is IT?
Information Technology
Combination of hardware and software products and services that companies use.
What do companies do with the information?
manage,
access,
communicate, and
share information.
A vital asset that must be used
effectively,
updated constantly, and
safeguarded carefully. 4 5

6. The Impact of IT Who uses Internet most in the world?
a)Asia b)America c)Australia d)Europe e)Africa
Internet Usage (% of population)
Asia: 9.9% and Middle East: 9.6%
North America: 68.6%
Australia: 52.6%
Europe: 36.1%
Africa: 2.6%
The Future of IT
IT sector accounts for almost 30 percent of America’s economic growth, and the wage gaps between IT workers and all other workers will continue to widen
Global online population skyrocketed between 2000 and 2007 4 6

7. The Impact of IT What is The Role of Systems Analysis and Design?
A Step-by-step process for developing high-quality information systems.
What does an Information System combine?
IT,
People, and
Data to support business requirements.
Who do we need to build an Information System?
Systems Analyst:
Plan, develop, and maintain information systems. 4 7

8. The Impact of IT
What type of methods are used to develop Information Systems?
A company develops its own ISs using
In-house applications
Software packages from outside vendors
Internet-based application services
Outsourcing
Custom solutions from IT consultants
Enterprise-wide software strategies
Launching a new IS is risky.
How versus What
Outline What the system is supposed to do
Before How it will be developed. 4 8

9. Introduction to Information System Components
A system:
a set of related components that produces specific results
A mission-critical system:
one that is vital to a company’s operations
Data:
consists of basic facts that are the system’s raw material
Information:
Data that has been transformed into output that is valuable to users. 12 9

10. Information System Components
Hardware
Consists of everything in the physical layer of IS
E.g., servers, workstations, networks, telecomm. equipment, scanners.
Software
Refers to the programs that control the hardware and produce the desired information or results.
Types of Software:
System software manages hardware components
Operating system, security software, device drivers, etc.
Application software supports day to day business functions
order processing systems, payroll systems, company communications networks
spreadsheets, word processors, database systems 13 10

11. Types of Application software
Enterprise applications
(company wide applications such as order processing systems, payroll systems, company communications networks)
(on a smaller scale, spreadsheets, word processors, database systems)
Horizontal systems
(inventory or payroll application) that can be adapted for use in many different types of companies)
Vertical systems
designed to meet the unique requirements of a specific business
Legacy systems
new systems to interface with older systems

12. Information System Components
Data
Tables
Linking

13. Information System Components
Processes
Define the tasks and business functions that users, managers, and IT staff members perform to achieve specific results
People
Users, or end users, are the people who interact with an information system, both inside and outside the company 16 13

14. Understanding The Business
Business Process Modeling
represents a company’s operations and information needs and requires
Business Profile
Desribes a company’s overall functions, processes, products, services, etc.
Business Models
Graphical representation of business processes
Airline reservation, selling a ticket
To simplify operations we use
Business process reengineering
(BPR) 9 14

15. Understanding The Business
Kinds of Companies
Product-oriented
Service-oriented
Internet-dependent
Dot-com (.com) companies such as Google, Yahoo, e-Bay
Brick-and-mortar companies such as K-Mart, Target, etc. 18 15

16. Impact of the Internet E-Commerce or I-Commerce
Internet based commerce
Includes two main sectors:
B2C (Business-to-Consumer)
Consumers go online and purchase products and services
eBay.com using a traditional auction concept
B2B (Business-to-Business)
Important to reduce costs
Allows smaller suppliers to contact large customers
Started with EDI –Electronic Data Interchange (company to company data sharing arrangements)
Extensible markup language (XML) enabled company to company traffic using Web based communication.
Supplier relationship management (SRM) is a form of interaction to submit specifications for business transactions. 18 16

17. How Business Uses Information Systems
In past, IT managers divided systems into categories based on the user group the system served
Office systems
(for admin staff)
Operational systems
(for operational personnel)
Decision support systems
(for middle managers)
Executive information systems
(for top managers) 19 17

18. How Business Uses Information Systems
Today, it makes more sense to identify a system by its functions, rather than by users
Enterprise computing systems
Transaction processing systems
Business support systems
Knowledge management systems
User productivity systems 20 18

19. How Business Uses Information Systems
Enterprise computing systems
Support company-wide operations and data management requirements
K-Mart’s inventory control system
Singapore Airlines’ reservation system
Transaction processing systems
Efficient because they process a set of transaction-related commands as a group rather than individually
Customer order processing
Warranty claim processing 21 19

20. How Business Uses Information Systems
Business support systems
Provide job-related information to users at all levels of a company
Management information systems (MIS)
Radio frequency identification (RFID) to track physical objects using tags 23 20

21. How Business Uses Information Systems
Knowledge management systems
Called Expert Systems
Simulate human reasoning by combining a knowledge base and inference rules
Many use fuzzy logic
User productivity systems
Technology that improves productivity
, voice mail, fax, video conferencing, internet.
Groupware enables users to share data, collaborate, and work in teams. 24 21

22. How Business Uses Information Systems today
Information systems integration
Most large companies require systems that combine transaction processing, business support, knowledge management, and user productivity features.
Warranty claim
into a transaction processing system,
updates a knowledge management system to track product problems, and
a quality control system with decision support capabilities. 25 22

23. IS Users and Their Needs
Top managers
Strategic plans
Middle Managers and Knowledge Workers
Direction, resources, performance feedback
Supervisors and Team Leaders
Operational and day-to day functions
Operational Employees
Use TP systems and perform jobs 27 23

24. Systems Development Tools and Techniques
Modeling
Produces a graphical representation of a concept or process that system developers can analyze, test, and modify.
Business model / Requirements model
Describes the information that a system must provide
Data model
Describes data structures and design
Object model
Describes objects, which combine data and processes
Network model
Describes the design and protocols of telecommunication links
Process model
Describes the logic that programmers use to write code modules

25. Systems Development Tools and Techniques
Prototyping tests system concepts
Prototype:
Early working version of an IS.
Advantage: Speeds up the development process significantly
Disadvantage: Important decisions might be made too early, before business or IT issues are thoroughly understood
Can be an extremely valuable tool.

26. Systems Development Tools and Techniques
Computer-Aided Systems Engineering (CASE) Tools
Also called computer-aided software engineering
A technique that uses powerful software called CASE tools to help system analysts develop and maintain ISs.
Microsoft Project
Microsoft Visio

27. Systems Development Methods
Structured Analysis
Uses a series of phases called Systems development life cycle (SDLC)
To plan, analyze, design, implement and support an IS.
Predictive approach
Uses a set of process models to describe a system graphically
Process-centered technique

28. Systems Development Methods
Object-oriented Analysis
O-O analysis combines data & processes into objects
Object (E.g, student/instructor/customer/order) is a member of a class (E.g., person)
Objects possess properties (E.g., address/status)
Methods change an object’s properties
A message requests specific behavior or information from another object
Visual Basic, Java, C++

29. Planning and Modeling a Systems Development Project
O-O methods (interactive model) tend to be less sequential and more interactive compared to SDLC (waterfall model) which is more predictive. There are also adaptive/iterative approaches (using a spiral model).
In addition to selecting a development method, system developers also must create a plan or model for the many tasks that will be required
Typically, the development team will use project management tools to help achieve the end result

30. Planning and Modeling a Systems Development Project
Adaptive approach using a spiral model
A set of prototypes evolves into final product

31. Planning and Modeling a Systems Development Project
Structured analysis uses The SDLC (Waterfall Model)
The result of each phase is called a deliverable or end product which flows sequentially.
Disadvantage: the waterfall model does not emphasize interactivity among the phases
This criticism can be valid if the SDLC phases are followed too rigidly
However, adjacent phases usually interact

32. Planning and Modeling a Systems Development Project
The SDLC Waterfall Model
Usually includes five steps
Systems planning
Systems analysis
Systems design
Systems implementation
Systems operation,
support, and security 30 32

33. Planning and Modeling a Systems Development Project
Systems planning
Systems request
Purpose of this phase is to perform a preliminary investigation whose key part is a feasibility study
Systems Analysis
First step is requirements modeling
End product is the System requirements document 32 33

34. Planning and Modeling a Systems Development Project
Systems Design
Identify all outputs, inputs, and processes
End product is system design specification
Systems Implementation
New system is constructed
Users, managers, IT staff trained to operate and support the system
System evaluation performed 34 34

35. Planning and Modeling a Systems Development Project
Systems Operation, Support, and Security
A well-designed system must be secure, reliable, maintainable, and scalable
After several years of operation, systems need extensive changes
SDLC ends with system replacement 36 35

36. Planning and Modeling a Systems Development Project
Adaptive Methods and Models
Attempt to develop a system incrementally, by building a series of prototypes and constantly adjusting them to user requirements
Extreme Programming (XP)
Interactive process between developers and users
Analysts should recognize that these approaches have advantages and disadvantages 37 36

37. Planning and Modeling a Systems Development Project
Joint Application Development and Rapid Application Development Methods and Models
Joint application development (JAD)
Team-based fact finding in one phase
Rapid application development (RAD)
Team-based approach on the entire process
Other Development Methods and Models
Rational Unified Process (RUP®)
Iterative process for managing software development projects
Microsoft Solutions Framework (MSF)
Similar to the SDLC but documents the experience of its own software development teams

38. Planning and Modeling a Systems Development Project
The Importance of Project Management
Regardless of the development strategy, people, tasks, timetables, and expenses must be managed effectively
Complex projects can involve dozens of people, hundreds of tasks, and many thousands of dollars

39. Systems Development Guidelines
Stick to a plan
Involve the users throughout the development process
Listening is very important
Use project management tools to identify tasks and milestones
Remain flexible
Develop accurate cost and benefit information

40. Information Technology Department
The information technology (IT) department develops and maintains a company’s information systems
The IT group provides technical support 41 40

41. Information Technology Department
Application Development
Team may include users, managers and IT Staff members
Systems Support and Security
Deployment team
User Support
Help desk or information center (IC) 41 41

42. Information Technology Department
Database Administration
Database design, management, security, backup, and user access
Network Administration
Includes hardware and software maintenance, support, and security
Web Support
Webmasters 41 42

43. Information Technology Department
Quality Assurance (QA)
Reviews and tests all applications and systems changes to verify specifications and software quality standards
Is a separate unit that reports directly to IT management 41 43

44. The Systems Analyst
investigates, analyzes, designs, develops, installs, evaluates, and maintains a company’s information systems
On large projects, the analyst works as a member of an IT department team
Smaller companies often use consultants to perform the work 42 44

45. The Systems Analyst Position
Responsibilities
Translate business requirements into practical IT projects to meet needs
Required Skills and Background
Solid communication skills and analytic ability 42 45

46. The Systems Analyst Position
Certification
Cisco, Microsoft, ITIL
Career Opportunities
Job titles
Company organization
Company size
Corporate culture
Salary, location, and future growth 42 46

47. Ethics Ethical behaviour could be viewed as Ethical standards:
decent, fair, good, honest or moral behaviour
Ethical standards:
framed by the society in which you choose to work
Professional bodies
usually have a code of ethics and
will expel members who fail to uphold it.
The pressures on many businesses can result in legal but not ethical behaviour –
however the advantage gained is usually short-lived
Good ethics usually means good business.

48. The Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics
1. Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other people.
2. Thou shalt not interfere with other people’s computer work.
3. Thou shalt not snoop around in other people’s computer files.
4. Thou shalt not use a computer to steal.
5. Thou shalt not use a computer to bear false witness.
6. Thou shalt not copy or use proprietary software for which you have not paid.

49. The Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics
7.Thou shalt not use other people’s computer resources without authorization or proper compensation.
8. Thou shalt not appropriate other people’s intellectual output.
9. Thou shalt think about the social consequences of the program you are writing or the system you are designing.
10. Thou shalt always use a computer in ways that insure consideration and respect for your fellow human

50. The British Computer Society Code Of Conduct
The BCS Code of Conduct is used here as an example:
Members shall carry out work with due care and diligence in accordance with the requirements of the employer or client
and shall, if their professional judgment is overruled, indicate the likely consequences.
Members shall endeavour to complete work undertaken on time and to budget and shall advise their employer or client as soon as practicable if any overrun is foreseen.

51. Code Of Conduct
Members shall not offer or provide, or receive in return, inducement for the introduction of business from a client unless there is full prior disclosure of the facts to the client.
Members shall not disclose or authorise, to be disclosed, or use for personal gain or to benefit a third party, confidential information acquired in the course of professional practice, except with prior written permission of the employer or client, or at the direction of a court of law.
Members shall not purport to exercise independent judgment on behalf of a client on any product or service in which they knowingly have any interest, financial or otherwise.

52. Ethical Behaviour?
You have bought a CD for home use, your car has a tape deck. Is it ok to make a copy of the CD for use in the car?
You are an IS manager, you think that one of your staff is about to leave and this will have an adverse effect on a major project. Is it ok to check over their desk when they are not there? What about their and telephone logs?
Under what circumstances would you recommend a hardware company with which you had a relationship with?
Is it OK to use a company computer to play single user video games during the lunch break? Would your view be different if you were a manager?

53. Week Summary
IT is a combination of hardware, software, and telecommunications systems that support business
The essential components of an information system are hardware, software, data, processes, and people
Companies are production oriented, service oriented, or a combination of the two
Organization structure usually includes levels 49 53

54. Week Summary Systems analyst use modeling, prototyping, and CASE tools
Various development methodologies exist
Regardless of the development model, it is important to use project management tools necessary to manage people, tasks, timetables, and expenses
An IT department develops, maintains and operates a company’s information systems 49 54

55. Week Summary
Systems analysts need a combination of technical and business knowledge, analytical ability, and communication
Week 1 complete 49 55