1. The Death of Childhood1 Children deprived of childhood Growing violent crime Early sexual activity Disintegration of family life Safety & innocence lost The Hurried Child by Elkind (1981) Growing up too fast too soon Children without Childhood by Winn (1984) Growing too fast in the world of sex and drugs

2. The Death of Childhood2 Elkind’s Argument “Stress” in Children’s Lives Psychological disturbance caused by divorce Rise in pregnancy and venereal disease Escape thru drug-taking, crime, suicide, religious cults Children being Hurried by parents, schools and media

3. The Death of Childhood3 Elkind’s Argument (p.22) The media both reflect and produce this ‘hurrying’… By simplifying their access to information, it opens them to experiences that were once reserved for adults: ‘scenes of violence or of sexual intimacy that a young child could not conjure up from verbal description are presented directly and graphically upon television screen.’

4. The Death of Childhood4 Elkind’s Argument (p.22) Following Piaget’s model of child development… children will only truly learn when they are ready to do so. Forcing them to skip developmental stages will make it much harder for them to establish a secure sense of of their personal identity, and hence leave them unprepared for the difficulties of adolescence.

5. The Death of Childhood5 Winn’s Argument Echoes many Elkind’s concerns “Loss of control” on the part parents, a “decline in child supervision” Previously in lower classes, now widespread in middle-class children Media indoctrinating into the “secrets of adult life” – primarily sex & violence

6. The Death of Childhood6 Winn’s Argument (p.23-25) Regardless of what they watch… television deprives children of play, and of other forms of healthy interaction. It is used by too many parents simply as a ‘babysitter’. * These two authors’ diagnoses and prescriptions for change are rather different.

7. The Death of Childhood7 Winn’s View (Position of Moral Conservative) Diagnoses: Decline in nuclear family Growing financial independence of woman Loosening of sexual standards Diminished role of organized religion Moral backlash … parents should be actively reinforcing these boundaries between adults and children. They should be doing less preparing and more protecting… reassert their authority, and thereby restore to children the right ‘to be a child’.

8. The Death of Childhood8 Winn vs. Elkind Moral backlash against ‘permissiveness’ Aware of ‘Golden Age’: Children to be prepared for future ‘slowly and painfully’ Need to reinforce boundaries between adult and children Concerned about ‘Self-expression’ in child-rearing Aware of ‘Golden Age’: Children relatively docile as dependent being Need to give children time to learn and grow

9. The Death of Childhood9 Literacy Myths The Disappearance of Childhood by Postman No Sense of Place by Meyrowitz A is for Ox by Sanders Kinderculture by Steinberg & Kincheloe All four books: Villain of the piece - the electronic media (one-dimensional analysis)

10. The Death of Childhood10 Literacy Myths: TV vs. Print Electronic Media (TV) ‘Total disclosure’ Visual Irrational Makes ‘backstage’ behavior visible Reintegrates children and adults Print Requires literacy Symbolic & Linear Cultivates abstraction Logic thinking Segregates children and adults

11. The Death of Childhood11 Author’s and Others’ Argument (pp. 33-40) Childhood -- Ultimately representations Technological determinism -- Oversimplification TV supplanted reading? Or equivalent activities Audience passive & defenseless? No intellectual? Electronics requires particular ‘literacy’ Protection with resistance to media (turning off TV)?

12. The Death of Childhood12 10 個專題舉例 (1-5) 1. 花蓮地區國小學童電視收視調查 2. 最受歡迎的漫畫書內容剖析 3. 現在的小孩玩什麼遊戲 ( 非電子化 ) ？ 4. 最受歡迎的電玩剖析 5. 國中小教科書裡的社會倫理、道德規範、 待人接物 …

13. The Death of Childhood13 10 個專題舉例 (6-10) 6. 國中小學生在校的性教育與兩性教育 7. 父母親在家的媒介使用習慣與親子互動 方式 8. 兒童（少年）的偶像特質分析 9. 兒童（少年）使用網際網路的現況 10. 優良兒童文學、媒體內容評選