2. Violence & Drugs In Sport SS 271 Linda Keeler

3. Topical Outline Definitions Theories of Aggression Truth about theories of aggression Violence in the US & Athletics Discussion Questions

4. Definitions Violence: Physically harming another for the sole purpose of injury. Intentional Specific to physical harm Physical assault Often used interchangeably with aggression

5. Definitions Hostility: Negative thoughts and feelings due to interpretation of stimuli Trait hostility measures used for most aggression

6. Definitions Aggression : “Any form of behavior directed toward the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment.” Involves harm or injury Is directed towards a living organism Involves intent to injure Injury can be physical or psychological

7. Definitions Continued Hostile Aggression: – Primary goal is to inflict physical or psychological injury on another Instrumental Aggression: – Behavior intended to harm another – Sake of achieving a goal – No anger

8. Definitions Continued Assertiveness: – Behavior that is goal directed, within the rules, is not intended to do harm, and is considered as hard work – May or may not result in injury to another

9. Techniques for Identifying Aggression

10. Questions, questions, questions! What did you observe- sports, actions, aggression/violence? Is this common in the U.S? What are the consequences of the behaviors? What are the potential affects on observers? Is this common around the world?

11. Violence in Athletics Began in ancient times (boxing, fighting, chariots) Injuries – Pro football 30 knee surgeries, 15 concussions – In NFL, 2.5 concussions per 1000 plays – 500 boxers died between 1945-1995 – Climate of risk

12. Violence in Athletics On-field violence is condoned – Not often punished (in game or legally) Rise of off-field violence by athletes (used to be covered-up, highest is domestic abuse) – 21% of NFL athletes have been indicted or charged – examples? – Violence against athletes – and more examples? – Hazing – examples?

13. Hazing What hazing went on in your school? What is ok? – Carrying equipment/water? – Dressing up/singing/dancing? – Tied to flag pole? – Sleep deprivation? – Head shaving? – Paddling…nakedness…forced alcohol? Where is the line? Where do you learn about where the line is?

14. Hazing 80% of NCAA student athletes surveyed said that they had been subjected to some form of hazing 42% said they had experienced it in high school Why do most incidents go unreported?

15. Hazing- Glenbrook North High School (May 7 th 2003 NBC) Homecoming tradition between senior and junior girls Off school property Code Of Conduct Agreement Signed Forced to eat dirt, fish guts and pet food Kicked & human excrement poured on them 15 stitches to head, hearing loss, broken ankle, bacterial infection A parent hired an attorney because of medical expenses This year's event got out of hand but was "not that different from previous years."

16. Why did it happen? Who is to blame? – Students? – School? – Society? What had gone on before? Why was nothing said before?

17. Hazing –Football (The Daily Athenaeum Oct 7 th 2003, Sports Illustrated Dec 2003) Preseason football camp 3 HS students sexually tortured a 13 and two 14 year old boys with a broomstick, pine cones & golf balls 5 days after camp complaints were made Complaints made before about the three perps. Coach and assistants knew nothing about it The school head told parents to go to police Victims further harassed at school The three perps suspended – tried in court Football season cancelled

18. Did anyone else at the camp hear, what did they do? By-stander effect – woman in NY Canceling the season ok? – Who else was effected by the canceling of the season? Should the teenagers involved in the hazing incident be criminally charged? What is ok and what is not- where is the line?

19. Theories of Aggression Instinct Theory: – Freud and Lorenz (psychoanalyst & ethologist) – Naturally programmed behavior – Based in human instincts – Little to control or change aggressive impulses – Need to vent pent up aggressive energy – “catharsis” – Benign or destructive forms – True for all cultures? – How could sport play a role in this?

20. Theories of Aggression Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis – We get frustrated when goal directed behavior is interfered with – The frustration can lead to an aggressive response – Aggression is both innate and learned What do you think about this? True, false…how so?

21. Theories of Aggression Social Learning Theory (most recent) – We learn aggression by watching others – Social agents? – We learn aggression by others reactions to our personal behaviors- what does this mean? – Reinforcement Bobo doll experiment Socially based & cultural explanations much more research support than other theories

22. Truths About The Theories Instinct Theory: – Aggression is not consistent across all cultures – Aggression is highest during times of war Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis: – Frus. does not always lead to agg. – Agg. is not always precipitated by frus. Social Learning Theory: – Agg. is highest after viewing aggression – Positive reactions to agg. increase its occurrence

23. Research Violence higher after highly publicized boxing Domestic violence during Superbowl Which aggression and social theory does it fit with? Violence greater for contact sport athletes during & after season than for non-athletes & non-contact athletes Combative sports more popular during times of war Several cultures do not show aggressive play- name any?

24. History of Violence in U.S. US was born from violence – Land taken from natives – Fight for independence – Fight many wars Violence is Common place – Increased crime statistics – 4-20 X higher homicide rate, 3-6X rapes & robberies than all other industrialized nations (Canada half that of U.S) – how so?

25. History of Violence in U.S. – Found on TV and video games 24.1 acts per hour children’s daytime 7.5 acts per hour during evening prime time By age 18, children see 200,000 violent acts, and 40,000 murders News headlines Video gaming huge business

26. Violence in Athletics Nature of sport to check, tackle, collide, “hit” Borderline Violence – Prohibited by official rules but routinely occur – Accepted violence (late hit, fights on court others?) – What is/are their purpose? – Teams carry players to promote this – Owners & coaches do not stop this

27. Violence in Athletics What promotes violence in athletics? List two things TV/MediaOwners CoachesPlayers Male BondingSteroids AlcoholPost game traditions Crowds-large, dense, noisy In groups come up with a reason why it could be true- any theory?

28. Violence in Athletics Fan violence – Hooligans – Chariot race in ancient Rome, 30,000 people killed – Juventus v Liverpool 1985 European Cup final, Heysel Stadium in Brussels. 39 spectators.died – El Salvador v. Honduras (“Soccer war”)-countries severed ties – High school gyms & fields How to reduce fan violence?

29. Essay Question Using a current article describe how violence is a part of society and sport today Use key terms and theories discussed to highlight your case Include a suggestion of how you we can change things

30. Drugs in Sport

31. Ergogenic Aids Anything used to give you an advantage Like what?

32. Drugs in Society War on Drugs over last 15 years Estimates of 87m Americans used illegal drugs …3.6 dependant on them Pill popping society Musicians & artists Media attention

33. Drugs in Sport Why Take them? New world records Any competitive edge $$ Norm in sport & pill popping society Follow coach’s rules Chances of getting caught Been around since Roman times New marathon record

34. Drugs In Sport Prevalence of performance enhancement and addictive substances in athletes – Alcohol (88% considered greatest threat to H.S. aths.) Binge drinking! – Cocaine (6% considered greatest threat to H.S. aths.) – Marijuana (3% considered greatest threat to H.S. aths.)

35. Other Drugs – Steroids – Human growth hormone (HGH) – Erythoprotein (EPO) - red blood cells – Androstenedione (Andro) – Creatine (nutritional over the counter)-legal No long term studies Dehydration, GI problems, cramping Blood Doping

36. A few more Caffeine Herbal supplements Growth retardant hormones Beta-blockers - heart Nasal decongestants Diuretics, laxatives & diet pills Ephederine- CNS Pain suppressants –climate of risk Others?

37. Drugs in Sport Steroid Use – Synthetic derivatives of the male sexual hormone “testosterone” – Anabolic and Androgenic properties – Not always shown to work – Common in sports where power, strength, & bulk are important

38. What are Steroids? Androgenic Properties – Affects growth of the male reproductive tract and sex characteristics Enlarged length and diameter of penis Inc. pubic, auxiliary and facial hair Devt. of prostrate and scrotum Inc. Libido and sexual function Anabolic Properties – Affects non- reproductive tracts Inc. Long bone growth Epiphyseal closure Thick vocal chords Muscle mass and strength Dec. body fat

39. Effects of Steroids Increase: – muscle definition – aggressiveness – lean muscle mass Decrease recovery time from exercise strength Testicular shrinkage Reduced testosterone production Liver tumors Personality changes Switch in male and female characteristics

40. Steroid Use Reported that up to 75% of NFL players have used 6-10% of male H.S. student, 2% of females More than 50% would use drug to win Olympic gold, even if they would die 1 year after doing so What does that say? Would you?

41. Ben Johnson Sept 24 th 2003 -15 years ago Won Seoul Olympic 100m gold in 9.79 seconds Ben Johnson, only to be stripped of his medal after testing positive for steroids. His time was not beaten until last year

42. What do You think? A life ban from the track followed in March 1993 when he gave another positive test "The sport will never be clean. It's going to be going on until the end of time."

44. THG (Tetrahydrogestrinone) Banned steroid - tweaked so undetectable by normal dope tests Athletics hit as well as baseball US Anti-Doping Agency anonymously contacted Balco- makes nutritional supplements tests & proscribes for vitamin and mineral deficiencies (Marion Jones, Barry Bonds, & Bill Romanowski all clients)

45. Barry Bonds’ trainner, Greg Anderson steriod distribution ring Balco lab at center of controversy

46. Drugs in Baseball Ken Caminiti, 15 years big leagues Injury to rotator cuff - hum bulk up 10wk cycle $300-400 Steriods, 96 so much testicles shrank & retracted Says necessary for competitive edge & financial security Says 50% use, Canseco says 85% use Testing & bans NFL, NBA but not NHL or MLB (minor league but no big deal)

47. Why do people do drugs? Are drugs needed in sport? Should drugs be made legal in sport? – Why needed, legal, pros vs why bad, cons What can be done?

48. Drug Testing Drug testing – Random & unannounced – Expensive? – Reliable? – Cheating & fixing Masking agents Cycling on and off drugs What are athletes’ rights and responsibilities? Should athletes be drug tested?

49. Who Should be Blamed? Athletes are very vulnerable, full of dreams and ambitions, & are prepared to do whatever is asked of them. Do everything possible regarding training, diet & sleep to help improve performance “It's a very small step from that to a coach saying, right, I want you to do this - and suggesting they take a substance.”

50. Who Should be Blamed? Who is punished for a drug violation? If an athlete is caught, they are banned - but that's it. That's the end of the road Often nothing is done to coaches & medics There is not enough energy expended in trying to find out who these people are

51. Coach & Physician Coach & Physician July 2000, former East German coach, Manfred Ewald, was found guilty of doping more than 100 young athletes Suspended prison sentence of 22 months. The sports medical officer, Manfred Hoppner, 66, was given an 18-month suspended sentence Both charged with causing bodily harm to young athletes During the two-month trial a number of athletes and swimmers testified to having suffered from health problems as a result of using the anabolic steroids What stands out to you from this?

52. In Drugs’ Defense Ron Clarke, former Australian middle-distance runner & multiple world record holder He suggested that athletes should be permitted to use performance-enhancing drugs, including steroids and EPO, as long as they did not harm their health What do you think?

53. In Drugs’ Defense "If it's not dangerous, no (it should not be banned), it just levels the playing field," "As soon as something comes along like EPO...they'll say it's a drug and you can't use it (but) it's the only thing that levels the playing field." Athletes born at sea level should be allowed to use drugs to give them a fairer chance against competitors raised at altitude So what is good and fair?

54. Essay Question “Sport will never be clean. It’s going to be going on until the end of time.” Respond to the statement Talk about both society and sport, types of drugs used in the specific sport & effects of the drug. Pros and cons of use, testing, who to blame, and how to change things.