1. Research Rutherford Apparent Networks Size Matters: Performance Benefits (and Obstacles) of Jumbo Packets

2. Research Rutherford Apparent Networks 9k MTU Project test global path MTU on Abilene, CA*net4, CUDI and other R & E networks, plus create a useful researcher mapping tool Internet2 ATEAM - Advanced Test Engineering and Measurement www.ateam.info Bill Rutherford (Rutherford Research/GAIT – Project Leader) Kevin Walsh, Nathaniel Mendoza (San Diego Supercomputing Center/SDSC) John Moore (Centaur Internet2 Technology Evaluation Center ITEC/NCSU North Carolina State University) Loki Jorgenson (Apparent Networks/SFU) Paul Schopis (Internet2 Technology Evaluation Center/ITEC- Ohio/ OARnet) Jorge Hernandez Serran (CUDI2/UNAM Mexico) Dave Hartzell (NASA Ames Research Center) Bill Jones (University of Texas Austin) Woojin Seok (Supercomputing Center Korea/KISTI)

3. Research Rutherford Apparent Networks 9k MTU Project Preliminary project flow Several Internet2 Joint Techs presentations Participation in HEP TRIUMF to CERN test run (Corrie Kost, Steven McDonald) Collaboration with equipment vendors Comprehensive testing on Abilene and CA*net4 First international 9k connection between I2 and C4 via StarLight Academic network and mapping system

4. Research Rutherford Apparent Networks 9k MTU Project Contributions Matt Mathis (Pittsburg Supercomputing Center) Theoretical considerations MTU role in TCP http://www.psc.edu/~mathis/MTU Joe St. Sauver (University of Oregon) Practical MTU considerations for campus and equipment issues http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~joe/jumbos/jumbo-frames.ppt Phillip Dykstra (Chief Scientist, WareOnEarth Communications Inc.) MTU related network tuning issues http://sd.wareonearth.com/woe/Briefings/tcptune.ppt Bryan Caron (Network Manager Subatomic Physics, University of Alberta) CA*net4 testing http://www.phys.ualberta.ca/~caron/

5. Research Rutherford Apparent Networks 9k MTU Project - Tools and Equipment NLANR Iperf http://dast.nlanr.net/Projects/Iperf tool to measure maximum TCP bandwidth reports bandwidth, delay, jitter, datagram loss Apparent Networks AppareNet network intelligence system http://www.apparentNetworks.com Spirent Communications SmartBits 6000 series network analyzer http://www.spirentcom.com automated testing from scripts high level of accuracy

6. Research Rutherford Apparent Networks Why Jumbo? Performance Benefits for high performance transfers High Energy Physics – TRIUMF to CERN test run National Light Rails/Paths Grid Networks/Next Generation Clusters Meteorology / Astrophysics / Bioinformatics Collaborative/interactive/video – access grid End-to-end path From NIC-to-NIC MTU requirement End station is typically the bottleneck Advent of Gig-E to the desktop

7. Research Rutherford Apparent Networks TCP Steady State If TCP window size and network capacity are not rate limiting factors then (roughly): 0.7 * Max Segment Size (MTU) e2e throughput < Round Trip Time (latency) sqrt[loss] M. Mathis, et.al. Double the MSS, double the throughput Halve the latency, double the throughput (shortest path matters) Halve the loss rate, 40% higher throughput

8. Research Rutherford Apparent Networks Frame Size vs. MTU vs. MSS – Ethernet Example

9. Research Rutherford Apparent Networks Abilene Results: iPerf NCSU   SDSC

10. Research Rutherford Apparent Networks About aNA appareNet Network for Academics Currently 16 sequencers across CA*net and Abilene NIS in Vancouver, Canada 10 Gig-E/Jumbo hosts 4 nodes in Canada BCNET Netera Alliance CA*net NOC ACORN-NS

11. Research Rutherford Apparent Networks – network intelligence Uses light, non-instrusive, adaptive active probing ICMP or UDP packets in various configurations Point-and-shoot to most IP addresses Performs comprehensive network path characterization Performs expert system diagnostics Single-ended  two-way measures (e.g. half-duplex different from full-duplex) Samples network to generate same view as best effort application (pre-TCP)

12. Research Rutherford Apparent Networks Abilene & CA*net Testing - 2003 512 MTU 2048 MTU 3072 MTU 4096 MTU 5120 MTU 6144 MTU 7168 MTU 8192 MTU 9000 MTU

13. Research Rutherford Apparent Networks CA*net – 9k ORANs

14. Research Rutherford Apparent Networks CA*net4 Testing - 2004

15. Research Rutherford Apparent Networks L2 Trends Cisco ONS 15454 up to 10000 MTU CA*net4 L2 is implemented with ONS 15454 Cisco Catalyst 6000/3750 up to 9216/9018 MTU Foundry BigIron MG8 up to 9000 MTU “Jumbo frame support, up to 9 Kb, to expand data payload for network intense data transfer applications such as Storage Area Network (SAN) and Grid Computing.” Nortel Bay Stack 380 up to 9216 MTU “Jumbo frame support of up to 9,216 bytes is provided on each port for applications requiring large frames such as graphics and video applications.” Intel gigE and 10 x gigE NICs up to 16128 MTU Syskonnect gigE NICs up to 9000 MTU

16. Research Rutherford Apparent Networks L3 Trends Cisco 12000/7300 up to 9180/9192 MTU Juniper M & T series up to 9192 MTU Abilene backbone mainly Juniper T640 CA*net4 backbone are Juniper M20 or M40 Extreme 10800 series up to 9126 MTU “Jumbo Frames – Studies show server CPU utilization is reduced by as much as 50% with the use of jumbo frames in clustering applications. Extreme Networks has optimized around support for a 9K jumbo frame that delivers the most optimized performance for cluster applications.”

17. Research Rutherford Apparent Networks Multiprocessor OS

18. Research Rutherford Apparent Networks Scalability Issues current code approach scalable? strategy for minimizing memory footprint and processing overhead? implications for protocols? more stack tuning? (e.g. variable packet length?) byte counters? (e.g. IPv6 has a 16 bit counter) inter packet gaps? (e.g. IEEE 802.3z burst mode)

19. Research Rutherford Apparent Networks A Look Ahead Next-generation optical network-based virtual memory (VM) VM paging from disk scales with block transfer rate and mechanical seek latency VM paging from network scales with packet transfer rate and round trip time VM thrashing when OS is dominated by slow virtual memory swaps

20. Research Rutherford Apparent Networks Application Layer e2e application layer sensitivity look ahead Video or graphics (Nortel) Throughput, CPU utilization, Jitter, Drops Storage Area Network and Grid (Foundry) Throughput, CPU utilization Cluster applications (Extreme ) Throughput, CPU utilization

21. Research Rutherford Apparent Networks Initial CA*net4 Runs SDSC to Halifax

22. Research Rutherford Apparent Networks Initial CA*net4 Runs SDSC to CANARIE

23. Research Rutherford Apparent Networks Initial CUDI Runs SDSC to UNAM

24. Research Rutherford Apparent Networks Preventing MTU conflicts – Network Negotiation

25. Research Rutherford Apparent Networks MTU handling via Fragmentation Advantages: commonly implemented Disadvantages: extreme load on router some clients cannot reassemble packets Applications: ping router advertisements

26. Research Rutherford Apparent Networks MTU handling via RFC 1191 PMTU discovery Advantages: Router is not loaded Maximum performance achieved Disadvantages: reliance on ICMP easy to mis-configure Applications: almost all modern applications

27. Research Rutherford Apparent Networks GigE Black Hole Hop What is happening?: RFC 1191 and “TCP Slow Start” are interacting Packets are lost Retransmission happens, causing performance degradation Client responds to some packets, keeping connection open Overall performance appears slow to client

28. Research Rutherford Apparent Networks Avoiding GigE MTU problems Assign MTUs based on a per-subnet basis Be consistent with MTU values used Use 1500 bytes for legacy Ethernet (no registry hacks) We recommend 9000 bytes MTU for GigE when jumbo frames are used (standard for Internet2 Abilene Network) Remember to add 18 bytes when adjusting frame size (e.g. set NIC to 9018 bytes frame size to maintain a 9000 byte MTU) Remember not to arbitrarily filter out ICMP messages Careful use of VLANs Use of Layer 3 devices at MTU boundaries Maintain logical Layer 3 diagrams MTU: 9000

29. Research Rutherford Apparent Networks Path MTU Map Service Researcher tool to troubleshoot and help optimize path MTU

30. Research Rutherford Apparent Networks Resources Some Path MTU tools: ANA pMTU service – from ANA sequencers across I2/CA*net http://pathmtu.apparenet.com:8282/ ana@apparenet.com:guest42 NCNE MTU Discovery Service – uses service located at NCNE http://www.ncne.org/jumbogram/mtu_discovery.php pMTU Applet - Java-based client for end-user station http://sourceforge.net/projects/pmtu/ Jumbo MTU Performance whitepaper http://www.apparentNetworks.com/wp/

31. Research Rutherford Apparent Networks Demo: pMTU Client Demo pMTU applet

32. Research Rutherford Apparent Networks End of Presentation

33. Research Rutherford Apparent Networks GigE Black Hole Hop

34. Research Rutherford Apparent Networks MTU handling via fragmentation

35. Research Rutherford Apparent Networks MTU handling via RFC 1191 PMTU discovery