1. Freedom - Determinism Theories u Indeterminism: like sub-atomic events, free actions are unpredictable, because nothing causes them u Objection: if free human actions are chance or random events, then we could not control our “free” actions or be responsible for them

2. u Compatibilism (Soft Determinism): freedom is compatible with determinism, if freedom is understood as the ability to do what we want u Actions caused by our choices or character are free; actions caused by external forces (genetics, culture, upbringing, threats) are not free Choice/will (cause) Personality External forces Hard determinist reply: choices are caused by external forces. Freedom - Determinism Theories act (cause)

3. Time: Reality or Illusion? Time is the objective, fixed sequence of events in the world: “it” is real and does not change. The subjective experience of time as moving is illusory (McTaggart, Smart) Time is a mental construct in terms of which all phenomena are experienced as real (Kant) Objective time is a conceptual abstraction that fails to capture our real experience of duration and the passage from past to future (Bergson)