1. Romanesque 1050-1200 Mid 11c. Barbaric wars come to an end Last of the invaders had become Christianized Increase of trade and wealth – towns populated by merchants, moneylenders, artisans and peasants 1. Continuation of Feudalism-most powerful and wealthy feudal lords in France and England 2. Church – towns built around the church, towns were ecclesiastical centers founded by bishops or archbishops who build towers, gates and walls around towns Church was the social, political and religious center which governed peoples lives.

2. 3.Pilgrimages- travel to sacred shrines where relics of saints believed to have the power to heal body and soul were kept. Drew people from all over Europe who for the sake of salvation dealt with bad roads, hostile wilderness, long distances and robbers. Hardship help to increase ones chances for remission of sin or disease. Pilgrimage ways became routes of commerce and communication. 4.Crusades – “taking of the cross” – 200 years -4 wars Mass, armed pilgrimages with purpose of rescuing Christian shrines which had been taken by the Muslim Turks. Supported by the papacy Religion and secular forces together Were caused by Muslim pressure in the Mediterranean, Byzantium and Middle East

3. Romanesque Characteristics Blend of Roman, Celtic, Carolingian and Ottonian Round arches Solid, fortress-like Ambulatory around transept and apse Radiating chapels Two tower façade Double aisle with gallery (tribune) over inner aisle Narrower nave Elongated horizontally Portal decoration timber roofs replaced by masonry barrel vault – transverse arches Weight of nave vault is supported by vaults over aisles transferred to outer wall. Thicker walls, wider pillars and less windows to support weight Space divided into series of bays

4. St. Sernin Romanesque

6. Sant’ Ambrogio Romanesque

8. St. Etienne Romanesque

10. Durham Cathedral Romanesque

12. Pisa Cathedral, baptistery, campanile Romanesque

16. Christ Enthroned tympanum, Moissac Romanesque

17. Last Judgment tympanum, Autun Romanesque

19. Ascension of Christ tympanum, Vezelay Romanesque

20. Moses Expounding the Law Master Hugo Romanesque Romanesque Manuscript Influenced by Byzantine mosaics - figures forward and in line - lack of depth - no shadows, floating - linear cloth - solid background - pantomime Decorative borders Limited color scheme Bright, bold colors

21. Eadwine the Scribe Scribe Eadwine Romanesque