1. Memory  All learning requires memory  Three stages of memory phenomena Acquisition Retention Retrieval

2. Taxonomy of Human Memory ProceduralDeclarative Working and Reference Memory Episodic and Semantic Memory Motor Skills Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning automatic, incremental, unconscious effortful, conscious

3. Reference versus Working Memory Reference memory – long term retention of events, relationships, and procedures – associations, rules, skills. Working memory - short term retention, typically relevant only to the current trial, includes information retrieved

4. Working Memory in Animals Hunter (1913) food

5. Working Memory or Body Orientation? food

6. Delayed Matching to Sample (DMTS) Sample Comparison

7. Delayed Matching to Sample (DMTS) PECK FOOD PECK NO FOOD

9. Symbolic Matching to Sample

10. PECK FOOD PECK NO FOOD NO FOOD

12. What is Learned in DMTS? a)General Matching Rule Pigeon = No! (with few samples) Cumming & Berryman (1965) - Trained on Red, Green, Blue - Failed to transfer to Yellow b) Specific “If-Then Rules” Symbolic Matching-To-Sample - Learned as rapidly as Standard DMTS

13. Memory Coding a) Retrospective = Backward Looking b) Prospective = Forward Looking

14. Retrospective Code: IF, Remember Prospective Code: IF, Remember

17. Roitblat, 1980 Confusion Errors? 1. between samples 2. between comparisons Confusions: Comparisons > Samples Therefore: Prospective Coding

18. Serial List Learning Present list of items to subject one at a time A  B  C  D  E  F Recall in any order

19. Ask subject to recall or recognize a single item A B C D E F Accuracy Primacy effect Recency effect Serial List Learning

20. Humans: Testing after a delay produces a primacy effect A B C D E F Accuracy Testing immediately after list produces a recency effect A B C D E F Accuracy What about in other animals?

22. Radial Arm Maze

23. How Solved?  Random Choice  Odour Trail  Patterned Responding  Memory*

25. 12-Arm Radial Maze

27. Can rats switch from retrospective to prospective memory?

28. Cook et al. (1985)  Rats removed after making 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 choices  Shifting from retrospective to prospective midway produces the lowest memory load (inverted U-shaped error curve)

29. Cook et al. (1985) Remember Places Visited Remember Places Not Visited

30. Memory Coding a) Active = rehearse relevant information b) Passive = gradual fading of a memory trace

31. Human Forgetting Curve With No Rehearsal

32. Pigeon Forgetting Curve Roberts, 1972

33. Directed Forgetting ITI Sample Comparison don’t peck Remember cue Forget cue

34. peck Forget cue Delay LeastMoreMost

35. Human Reference Memory  Duration (relatively long-term)  Capacity (relatively large)  Forgetting (details lost, gist remembered)  Requires Consolidation

36. Retention of Fear Conditioning

39. Clark’s Nutcracker  Food Storing Bird  About 5,000 Caches  20 x 20 KM Area  9-month  Buried Under Snow

40. Sarah Shettleworth

41. Results  Birds recovered previously cached seeds and made few errors  Didn’t find seeds hidden by experimenter  Didn’t return to the same site if first storing episode is followed by a second storing episode

42. Summary of Animal Memory Working Memory Prospective and Retrospective Active and Passive Reference memory Duration and Capacity Forgetting and Consolidation

43. Do Animals have Episodic Memory?  Episodic Memory Conscious Recollection Dated Personal Memory (what, when, and where)

44. Western Scrub-Jay (Nicola Clayton)

46. Clayton’s Results

47. Metamemory in Rats?  Knowledge of the state of one’s own memory for example, memory strength  Foote and Crystal (2007) Duration of noise sample, 2.00 to 3.62 = Left Duration of noise sample, 4.42 to 8.00 =Right Choice to continue → memory test, large reward Choice to bail-out → no test, small reward

48. Foote and Crystal (2007) Procedure

49. Foote and Crystal (2007) Results

50. Problems  Only 2 of 3 rats showed positive results (5 others always bailed or always decided)  Maybe they learned to bail with feedback on the “close” duration values?