1. ENAC-SSIE Laboratoire de Pollution de l'Air The energy Consumption is a Consequence of the Industrial Development 1860188019001920194019601980 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 Year Annual Energy Consumption (10 12 Watts)

2. ENAC-SSIE Laboratoire de Pollution de l'Air Energy Production TW/year% Solid (coal, wood) Petroleum Gas Hydro-electricity Nuclear 3,6 4,1 2,3 0,3 0,6 33 38 21 3 5 Total10,9100

3. ENAC-SSIE Laboratoire de Pollution de l'Air Increase of the Pollution Levels

4. ENAC-SSIE Laboratoire de Pollution de l'Air Global Warming Acid Rain Photo-oxidant formation Air Toxicity SO 2 NO x VOC CO 2 Carbon dioxide Sulfur Oxides Nitrogen Oxides Hydrocarbons Main Emissions produced by the Fossil Fuels

5. ENAC-SSIE Laboratoire de Pollution de l'Air Agricultural Production: Pollution Effects Human Health: 0100200300400 Change in PM10 daily concentrations [  g.m -3 ] 0.0 5 10 15 20 % change in health effects indicators Asthma symptoms Hospital admissions Mortality

6. ENAC-SSIE Laboratoire de Pollution de l'Air Other Effects Buildings deterioration Visibility deterioration Denver (US) “Clean“ Atmosphere Photochemical Episode

7. ENAC-SSIE Laboratoire de Pollution de l'Air Pollution Characteristics: -winter episodes, (cold and humid), - sulfur Oxides (SO x ), acids (H 2 SO 4 ), particulates matter (PM) 4 Sources Characteristics: -bad fuels and combustion, -emissions produced by the industries and the heating. Before WWII SMOG (Smoke + Fog)

8. ENAC-SSIE Laboratoire de Pollution de l'Air Pollution Characteristics : -Summer episodes, (warm and sunny), - photo-oxidants (O 3, PAN), acids (HNO 3 ), fine particulates matter. Sources Characteristics : -better fuels and combustion, -emissions produced by the traffic (mainly) and the industries. After WWII Photochemical SMOG

9. ENAC-SSIE Laboratoire de Pollution de l'Air

10. 1. The physical and chemical processes are non-linear 2. The socio-economical problems are global The problems due to the atmospheric pollution are more and more complex

11. ENAC-SSIE Laboratoire de Pollution de l'Air

12. [km] 60 40 20 60 40 20 Thr Ele Pen Spa Aig Hel Lio Lyk Mar Per NRo Pat Dem Geo LyH Ren Pir NSm Photosmog <90ppb Photosmog > 90 ppb September 12: 16h00 Geostrophical wind September 14: 16h00 Geostrophical wind O 3 over ATHENS

13. ENAC-SSIE Laboratoire de Pollution de l'Air Human Activities Technical Feasibility Economical Developments Social Pressures Environmental Impacts Decision Choice of strategies Technical Innovations Emission Distributions Pollutant Distributions Complex physical and chemical processes Air Quality Management

14. ENAC-SSIE Laboratoire de Pollution de l'Air CO 2 Emissions

15. ENAC-SSIE Laboratoire de Pollution de l'Air CO 2 Emissions

16. ENAC-SSIE Laboratoire de Pollution de l'Air CO 2 Emissions

17. ENAC-SSIE Laboratoire de Pollution de l'Air 19501960197019801990 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Gross World Product Vehicle Fleet Fossil Energy Consumption Population Years Index (1950=100) World Trends

18. ENAC-SSIE Laboratoire de Pollution de l'Air SpeciesGlobal Emissions [megaton's/year] AnthropicNatural NO x 89-12523-131 VOC (NMHC)1001100 SO 2 142-16614-20 World Emissions Sources NO x Global Emissions [ megaton's/year] Fossile fuels combustion19.9 Fires12.0 Soils8.0 Lightings8.0 Ocean surface1 Injection from the stratosphere0.5 NH 3 oxidationuncertain

19. ENAC-SSIE Laboratoire de Pollution de l'Air Natural and Anthropic Emissions Repartition of the Anthropic Emissions Emissions Sources in Switzerland

20. ENAC-SSIE Laboratoire de Pollution de l'Air Emissions Evolution 190019201940196019802000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Industries Transport Household Agriculture and forest Ton’s per year Emissions SO 2 Objectives for the Emission Reduction (level of 1950) 190019201940196019802000 0 20 40 60 80 140 160 180 Industries Transport Household Agriculture and forests Ton’s per year NO X Emissions 100 120 190019201940196019802000 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Industries Transport Household Agriculture and forests Ton’s per year VOC Emissions (without the methane) Objectives for the Emission Reduction (level of 1960) Objectives for the Emission Reduction (level of 1960)

21. ENAC-SSIE Laboratoire de Pollution de l'Air Evolution of the Transport 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 1970197419781982198619901994 Air Road Gross National Product Train Index (1970=100) Freight Transport in Switzerland 197019721974 19761978198019821984198619881990199219941995 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Air Private Vehicles Train Terajoules per year Energy Consumption in the Swiss Transport

22. ENAC-SSIE Laboratoire de Pollution de l'Air Reduction Strategies Objectives: Long term strategy (target values) Alert strategy (threshold values). Means: Incite to renew the technologies: -the fuels, -the material (vehicles, industrial equipments) Improve the transport management : -truck vs. rail, -public transport, -car pool, -road traffic fluidity, -reduce the vehicles circulation.

23. ENAC-SSIE Laboratoire de Pollution de l'Air Phenomenon Causes Effects Input Output Model

24. ENAC-SSIE Laboratoire de Pollution de l'Air Methods based on Data collected in the Past Solar Radiation Wind 120 94 122 115 110 92 130 90 82 65 ? Ozone in ppb Solar Radiation Emissions 94 122 115 110 130 90 82 65 ? Ozone in ppb

25. ENAC-SSIE Laboratoire de Pollution de l'Air Deterministic Methods Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry Meteo Input Output Model Emi. Terrain Pollutant Conc. Phenomenon Causes Effects

26. ENAC-SSIE Laboratoire de Pollution de l'Air Solar Radiation Wind 12094122115 110 92 13090 8265 120 Ozone in ppb Solar Radiation Emissions 9412211013090 8265? Ozone in ppb 120