1. Species Distributions Biogeography (ENVR333) 9/10 & 9/12 2007

2. As the environment changes, species adapt to a moving target that can affect competitive situations.

3. Species Distributions Species Interactions –Competition –Coexistence Mututalism Commensalism Amensalism Parasitism Mimicry –Predator-Prey Environmental Gradients Niches

4. Competition Interspecific competition Intraspecific competition Resource exploitation Interference competition Principle of Competitive Exclusion

5. Paramecium = single-celled, ciliated protozoan that feeds on bacteria. Competitive Exclusion

6. European starling

7. Figure 4.4 MacDonald 2003

8. Figure 4.5 MacDonald 2003

9. Spatial niche partitioning

10. Morphology: Oystercatchers stabber hammerer

11. Morphology: Cichlids

12. Mutualism: Ants and Aphids

13. Mutualism: Lichenized Fungi

14. Commensalism: Rhino birds

15. Mutualism: Pollinators - Pollinated

16. Mutualism: Jays and Oaks

17. Commensalism: Epiphytes

18. Forage lichens

19. Commensalism: Epiphytes Cyanolichens (n-fixers)

20. Commensalism: Clown Fish/Sea Anemone

21. Commensalism: Hitchhiking Seeds Sweet Cisely

22. Commensalism: Hitchhiking Seeds Burdock

23. Allelopathy

24. Micro Parasites

25. Macro Parasites

26. Batesian Mimicry

27. red on yellow kill a fellow, red on black won’t hurt jack Coral Snake Scarlet King Snake

28. Batesian Mimicry From left to right are the Common Wasp, Vespula vulgaris, and some of its mimics - the Hornet Moth, Sesia apiformis, the Wasp Beetle, Clytus arietis, and the Hoverfly, Syrphus ribesii.

29. Figure 4.1 MacDonald 2003

30. Predator-Prey Relationships stenophagous Chalhill Blue Butterfly

31. Predator-Prey Relationships

32. Figure 4.2 MacDonald 2003

33. Figure 4.3 MacDonald 2003

34. Figure 4.7 MacDonald 2003

35. Figure 4.9 MacDonald 2003

36. Ecocline or Ecotype?

37. Summary Interactions: many and varied Distributions: physical/biological factor Role of gradients and niches Not locked into place