1. MCB 186 CIRCADIAN BIOLOGY Slides Lecture 1 September 20, 2006 J. W. Hastings

2. MOST ORGANISMS EXHIBIT CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS CIRCA = ABOUT DIAN = ONE DAY RHYTHMS CONTINUE IN CONSTANT LIGHT

3. RHYTHM IN HUMAN: LD & LL

4. CIRCADIAN LEAF MOVEMENT RHYTHMS

5. THE FLOWER CLOCK

6. The clock controls an overt rhythm in developmental potential in Neurospora. movie courtesy of Van Gooch

7. From: Liu et al., 1995

8. NIGHT HAULING by ANDREW WYETH showing BIOLUMINESCENCE

9. DINOFLAGELLATE BIOLUMINESCENCE (Hastings’Lab)

10. DINOFLAGELLATE FLASH and GLOW BIOLUMINESCENCE and its CIRCADIAN EXPRESSION scale: ~ 24 hours peak to peak

11. CIRCADIAN RHYTHM of LUMINESCENCE: top, LD; below, LL

12. GONYAULAX PEAK TIMES OF GLOW UNDER ENTRAINED AND FREE RUNNING CONDITIONS

13. Academic Press, New York, 1970 View 1: Environmental signals detected by organisms Provide information on time of day View 2: Organisms have internal biological clocks

14. THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK POSTULATED CELLULAR MECHANISM RESPONSIBLE FOR DAILY RHYTHMS CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS CIRCADIAN CLOCK To be circadian it must be under constant conditions CIRCA-: ABOUT -DIAN: ONE DAY Other circa- periodicities CIRCALUNAR: ~MONTHLY CIRCANNUAL: ~YEARLY

15. RHYTHM IN HUMAN: LD & LL

16. Glossary of terms - see web site Raster Plots: - Single, double, triple etc. - Modulo tau

17. BIOLOGICAL CYCLES SHORTER (ULTRA) & LONGER(INFRA) THAN CIRCADIAN

18. YEAST ULTRADIAN OSCILLATION DISSOLVED OXYGEN 2001 Murray et al. J. Bacteriol. ~44 min/cycle

19. GOLDEN MANTLED SQUIRRELS - CIRCANNUAL RHYTHMS OF HIBERNATION

20. ANNUAL RHYTHM: DINOFLAGELLATE CYST GERMINATION Alexandrium fundyense PATRICIA MATRAI, UNPUBL, 2003

21. MENSTRUAL PERIODS (FOUR BIRTHS; WINFREE, 1980)

22. FUNCTIONS OF THE CIRCADIAN CLOCK Origin and Evolution of Circadian Rhythms TIME ACTIVITIES TO CERTAIN TIMES OF DAY OR NIGHT - Insect eclosion, Drosophila (temperature compensation) - Plant rhythms, flower openings, bee visitations - Cyanobacteria, photosynthesis by day, nitrogen fixation by night CELESTIAL NAVIGATION - Animal migration, sun compass; knowledge of time of day required PHOTOPERIODISM: MEASURE DURATION OF DAY AND NIGHT - Plant rhythms: seasonal flowering, spring summer or fall - Animal seasonal reproduction; hamster only once per year

23. CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS - KEY PROPERTIES (1)RHYTHMS CONTINUE IN THE ABSENCE OF LIGHT/DARK CYCLES WITH PERIODS CLOSE TO BUT NOT EXACTLY 24H exact period length is a function of environmental conditions (2)PERIOD IS TEMPERATURE “COMPENSATED”; ABOUT 24 HR AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES not temperature independent (3)PHASE can be RESET by LIGHT: ENTRAINED or SYNCHRONIZED to DAILY LIGHT / DARK or OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL CYCLES resetting does not need cycles: single exposures or pulses suffice

24. FIRST RASTER PLOT MOUSE ACTIVITY

25. DECOURSEY, 1961

26. CIRCADIAN PERIOD VALUES WITHIN & ACROSS SPECIES

27. EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON TAU MENAKER, 1969

28. EFFECT OF INTENSITY OF WHITE LIGHT ON CIRCADIAN PERIOD

29. GONYAULAX EFFECT OF INTENSITY & COLOR ON TAU

30. MOUSE: AFTER-EFFECTS ON PERIOD AFTER ENTRAINMENT TO 20 hour DAYS (T-20) PITTENDRIGH & DAAN

31. MOUSE: AFTER-EFFECTS ON PERIOD AFTER ENTRAINMENT TO 28 hour DAYS (T-28) PITTENDRIGH & DAAN

32. MOUSE: AFTER EFFECTS ON PERIOD PITTENDRIGH & DAAN

33. EFFECT OF PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE INHIBITORS ON PERIOD

34. CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS - KEY PROPERTIES (1)RHYTHMS CONTINUE IN ABSENCE OF LIGHT / DARK CYCLES WITH PERIODS CLOSE TO BUT NOT EXACTLY 24 HOURS exact period length is a function of environmental conditions (2)PERIOD is TEMPERATURE “COMPENSATED”; ABOUT- BUT NOT EXACTLY - 24h at DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES not temperature independent (3)PHASE can be RESET by LIGHT: ENTRAINED or SYNCHRONIZED to DAILY LIGHT / DARK or OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL CYCLES resetting does not need cycles: single exposures or pulses suffice

35. TEMPERATURE HAS ONLY SMALL EFFECT ON PERIOD

36. PHOTOACCUMULATION IN EUGLENA Bruce & PIttendrigh,1956

37. GONYAULAX TEMPERATURE COMPENSATION

38. TEMPERATURE-COMPENSATED CIRCADIAN PERIOD IN VARIOUS ORGANISMS

39. CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS - KEY PROPERTIES (1)RHYTHMS CONTINUE IN ABSENCE OF LIGHT / DARK CYCLES WITH PERIODS CLOSE TO BUT NOT EXACTLY 24 HOURS exact period length is a function of environmental conditions (2)PERIOD IS TEMPERATURE “COMPENSATED”; ABOUT 24 HR AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES not temperature independent (3) PHASE can be RESET by LIGHT: RHYTHMS ENTRAINED or SYNCHRONIZED to DAILY ENVIRONMENTAL CYCLES resetting does not need cycles: single exposures or pulses suffice

40. HUMAN CIRCADIAN ENTRAINMENT

41. GONYAULAX RE-ENTRAINMENT TO A DIFFERENT PHASE HASTINGS, 1958 control

42. RESETTING GONYAULAX TO A NEW PHASE HASTINGS 1958 control

43. Cyanobacterial in vivo Rhythm with Bacterial Luciferase as a Reporter Luminescence Kondo, Johnson Golden et al., 1993, PNAS

44. Turntable Screening Apparatus: 12 positions for petri dishes or titer plates

45. Screen Display–CCD Turntable Apparatus

46. ENTRAINMENT BY LIGHT-DARK CYCLE IN MONKEY MOORE-EDE ETAL

47. MASKING BY TEMP CYCLE- FLYING SQUIRREL DE COURSEY

48. GONYAULAX ENTRAINMENT by 14 HR LD CYCLES, then DD or LL

49. ENTRAINMENT by DIFFERENT LIGHT/DARK CYCLES and EFFECT of LIGHT INTENSITY on LIMITS of ENTRAINMENT

50. Schematic depiction of entrainment by light cycles: T constant, Tau different Tau - T = phase shift

51. GONYAULAX CELLS IN DD: PHASE SHIFT BY SINGLE LIGHT PULSES ADVANCE OR DELAY DEPENDS ON TIME IN CYCLE CONTROL IN DARK LATE NIGHT PULSE PHASE ADVANCE EARLY NIGHT PULSE PHASE DELAY

52. GONYAULAX LIGHT PHASE RESPONSE CURVE (the PRC) LIGHT PULSES GIVEN AT TIMES INDICATED TIME 0 is the BEGINNING of NIGHT PHASE DEAD ZONE DAY PHASE

53. FRENCH ACADEMY OF SCIENCE De Marian 1729

54. REPORT OF de Marian 1729 …leaf movements continue without exposure to sun…...sick persons kept in a room without light perceive day and night…. …experimental studies to explain this may progress slowly…