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HEP03 Advanced Neutrino Beams Rob Edgecock RAL
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Candidates……. Conventional super beam Conventional super beam Neutrino Factory Neutrino Factory Beta beam Beta beam PS SPS ISOL target & Ion source SPL Cyclotrons Storage ring and fast cycling synchrotron Decay Ring Decay ring Brho = 1500 Tm B = 5 T L ss = 2500 m
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Outline Introduction Proton driver Target and capture Muon frontend Acceleration Storage ring Conclusions Emphasis on problems and R&D to be done Discussion of options being considered
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Introduction Idea for a Neutrino Factory: muon collider Concept of a muon collider: Tinlot (1960), Tikhonin (1968), Budker (1969), Skrinsky (1971) Neuffer (1979) Many advantages over electron collider: But…….luminosity! Fast cooling technique – ionisation cooling – invented 1981: Skrinsky and Parkhomchuk Another problem…….neutrino radiation! Neutrino Factory! Enough neutrinos to be a problem Must be enough to do physics
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Muon Collider Three stage scenario: Neutrino Factory Higgs Factory Muon Collider Recently, much interest in Neutrino Factory alone. 5 different layouts: BNL CERN FNAL J-PARC RAL
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RAL Layout RAL Neutrino Factory layout
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Proton Driver Main requirements: 4 MW beam power* 1 ns bunch length 50Hz Two types: Linac RCS Range of energies: 2.2 to 50 GeV R&D: HIPPI * = F1 GP
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Proton Driver 30 GeV Rapid Cycling Synchrotron in the ISR tunnel
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Proton Driver CERN Super-conducting Proton Linac
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Most advanced……J-PARC J-PARC Facility Construction 2001 ~ 2006 (approved) JAERI@Tokai-mura (60km N.E. of KEK) (0.77MW) Super Conducting magnet for beam line Near detectors @280m and @~2km 10 21 POT(130day)≡ “1 year”
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JHF ~1GeV beam Kamioka JAERI (Tokaimura) 0.77MW 50 GeV PS ( conventional beam) Super-K: 22.5 kt 4MW 50 GeV PS Hyper-K: 1000 kt Phase-I (0.77MW + Super-Kamiokande) Phase-II (4MW+Hyper-K) ~ Phase-I 200 Plan to start in 2007 Kobayashi
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JHF Superbeam Kobayashi Proton Beam Target Focusing Devices Decay Pipe Beam Dump ,K,K “Conventional” neutrino beam Target Horns Decay Pipe Far Det. “Off-axis”
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Target Proposed rotating tantalum target ring Many difficulties: enormous power density lifetime problems pion capture Replace target between bunches: Liquid mercury jet or rotating solid target Stationary target: RAL CERN
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Liquid Mercury Tests Tests with a proton beam at BNL. Proton power 16kW in 100ns Spot size 3.2 x 1.6 mm Hg jet - 1cm diameter; 3m/s 0.0ms0.5ms1.2ms1.4ms2.0ms3.0ms Dispersal velocity ~10m/s, delay ~40 s
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Magnet Tests Tests with a 20T magnet at Grenoble. B = 0T 1cm Mercury jet (v=15 m/s) B = 18T Jet deflection Reduction in velocity Reduction in radius Smoothing
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Pion Capture 20T1.25T
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Horn Capture Protons Current of 300 kA To decay channel Hg target B 1/R B = 0
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Target Facility
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Pion Production Experiments The Hadron Production Experiment Data taking: 2001-2002 Proton energy: 2-15 GeV Targets: H 2 -Pb 2, 5, 100% X o X-section to few % Optimise beam energy and target material for NF
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Pion Production Experiments Main Injector Particle Production Experiment Data-taking: 2003-200? Proton energy: 5-120 GeV Targets:NuMI Be, C,H 2, N 2, Be, C, Cu, Pb Re-use existing detectors
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Phase Rotation Beam after drift plus adiabatic buncher – Beam is formed into string of ~ 200MHz bunches Beam after ~200MHz rf rotation; Beam is formed into string of equal-energy bunches; matched to cooling rf acceptance
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Transverse Cooling Cooling >10 increase in muon flux Existing techniques can’t be used ionsation cooling Cooling is delicate balance: beam in beam out
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Transverse Cooling Cooling cells are complex R&D essential: MuCool, MuScat and MICE
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Transverse Cooling Recent development: ring coolers Main advantages: shorter longitudinal cooling Tetra Ring Quadrupole Ring RFOFO Ring S = solenoid, A = absorber, 36 cavities in blocks of 3 RAL Ring Main problem: kicker!
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MuScat Measurement of muon multiple scattering: only relevant data – e - scattering, Russia, 1942 Input for cooling simulations and MICE First (technical) run at TRIUMF summer 2000, M11 beam Run2: April 2003
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MuCool Design, prototype, test all cooling cell components High beam-power test of a cooling cell Preparations for MICE NCRF cavities with sufficient gradient in multi-T fields Be windows Up to kW power deposition in absorbers Safety considerations Low non-absorber thickness in beam: - Absorber windows - Safety windows - RF windows Cost effective design and construction
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MuCool Absorber window development 200MHz cavity development MuCool Test Area
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MuCool Original areaStage 2 construction What it will look like when it is finished
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MICEMICE T.O.F. III Precise timing Electron ID Eliminate muons that decay Tracking devices: He filled TPC-GEM (similar to TESLA R&D) or sci-fi Measurement of momentum angles and position T.O.F. I & II Pion /muon ID precise timing 201 MHz RF cavities Liquid H2 absorbers or LiH ? SC Solenoids; Spectrometer, focus pair, compensation coil Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment
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MICE Muon Acceleration Needs to be fast – muon lifetime Needs to be a reasonable cost – not linacs all the way Baseline: Recirculating Linear Accelerators Other possibilities……FFAGs & VRCS
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MICEFFAGs Fixed Field Alternating Gradient magnets not ramped Cheaper/faster RLAs/RCSs Large momentum acceptance Large transverse acceptance less cooling required!
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MICEFFAGs Proof Of Principle machine built and tested in Japan. 50keV to 500keV in 1ms. 150MeV FFAG under construction at KEK.
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MICEFFAGs
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Staging in Japan Staging High Power Proton Driver –Muon g-2 Muon Factory (PRISM) –Muon LFV Muon Factory-II (PRISM-II) –Muon EDM Neutrino Factory –Based on 1 MW proton beam Neutrino Factory-II –Based on 4.4 MW proton beam Muon Collider Physics outcomes at each stage
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MICEFFAGs R&D: Injection and extraction Magnets – 10-20 GeV ring (120m radius): 6T SC RF – low frequency (6.5MHz), 1MV/m
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MICEVRCS Fastest existing RCS: ISIS at 50Hz 20ms Proposal: accelerate in 37 s 4.6kHz Do it 30 times a second 920m circumference for 4 to 20 GeV Combined function magnets 100micron laminations of grain oriented silicon steel 18 magnets, 20T/m Eddy currents iron: 100MW 350kW Eddy currents cu : 170kW RF: 1.8GV @ 201MHz; 15MV/m Muons: 12 orbits, 83% survival
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MICE Storage Ring Main requirement: underground lab(s) at large distances Longyearbyen~ 3520km Pyhasalmi~ 2290km Tenerife~ 2750km 15 degrees for straight sections
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MICEConclusions Neutrino oscillations: one of most important physics results Many new experiments conceived New beam neutrino facilities required: - Superbeams - Neutrino Factory - Beta beams All require extensive R&D For Neutrino Factory: - proton driver - target - frontend (MuCool, MICE) - acceleration World Design Study (WDS1) planned
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