1. Guidebook Chapter 10 01: Cultures with Fertilizers Mark Theobald (CEH Edinburgh, UK) 26 April 2006 Task Force on Emission Inventories and Projections (TFEIP) Expert Panel on Agriculture and Nature Průhonice (Czech Republic)

2. Chapter Overview Emissions of ammonia (NH 3 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), other oxides of nitrogen (NO x ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ), and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) from agricultural soils to which nitrogen (N)-containing fertilizers are applied Permanent Crops Arable land crops Rice fields Market Gardening General information on the pollutants Factors controlling emissions Simple/Detailed methodologies Uncertainties/Areas for improvement

3. General Info Ammonia: New source: Application of the herbicide ‘glufosinate’ - up to 10% of weed canopy N content emitted as NH 3 Nitrous oxide: References to studies investigating effect on emissions of different: - Fertilizer types - Crop types - Weather/climate Nitric oxide: References to emission factors for different fertilizer types and the ‘pulsing effect’

4. Emission calculation methodologies Ammonia: Existing simple methodology - Multiply amount of N applied by: Fertilizer type Ammonium sulphate 0.08 Ammonium nitrate 0.02 Calcium ammonium nitrate 0.02 Anhydrous ammonia 0.04 Urea 0.15 Nitrogen solution 0.08 Combined ammonium phosphates 0.05 Mono-ammonium phosphate 0.02 Di-ammonium phosphate 0.05 Other complex NK, NPK fert 0.02

5. Ammonia: Existing simple methodology Meeting of the Agriculture and Nature Panel: Vienna: October 2002 Working Group recommendation: Need to calculate emissions depending on climate class: Region A t s > 13 °C Region B6 °C < t s < 13 °C Region Ct s < 6 °C However, in the 2003 update this method was used in the ‘detailed methodology’ New detailed methodology is required first

6. Ammonia: Existing detailed methodology - Multiply amount of N applied by: Emission calculation methodologies Fertilizer typeRegion ARegion BRegion CMultiplier EF A EF B EF C c Ammonium sulphate0.0250.0200.01510 Ammonium nitrate0.0200.0150.0101 Calcium ammonium nitrate0.0200.0150.0101 Anhydrous ammonia0.040.030.024 Urea0.200.170.151 Nitrogen solutions0.110.090.071 Ammonium phosphates0.0250.0200.01510 Other NK and NPK0.0200.0150.0101 Nitrate only (e.g. KNO 3 )0.0070.005 1

7. Ammonia: Updating the detailed methodology Current methodology is based largely on ‘expert judgement’ T and pH effects are treated in a very broad way Emission estimates could be based on spring temperatures and soil pH This can be done using existing mechanistic models But hasn’t been done yet!

8. Emission calculation methodologies Nitrous oxide: Existing simple methodology – IPCCNo Change Detailed methodology – use of mechanistic modelsNo Change Nitric oxide: Existing simple methodology ( 0.7 % of N applied) No Change No detailed methodology CO 2, CH 4 and NMVOCs No change to methodologies

9. Conclusions Identified updates: New source (NH 3 ) Addition of new references (all species) Proposed updates Use of mechanistic models to give NH 3 emission factors that are dependent on spring temperatures and soil pH Use the current detailed methodology as the new simpler methodology