2. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS  Molecules formed from different combinations of carbon and hydrogen atoms  May also contain atoms of one or more of the following: Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur

3. CLASSES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS There are four classes of organic compounds: Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

4. CHEMISTRY OF CARBON  Carbon has four valence electrons  These electrons are available for sharing, thus forming covalent bonds  Carbon will combine with other atoms to form various organic compounds

5. CARBOHYDRATES Structure: organic compounds composed of C, H, and O in the following ratio: 1:2:1 Performs two functions: 1. Principal energy source in living organisms 2. Important part of cell structures

6. SOURCES OF CARBOHYDRATES  Most of the energy used by your body is provided by carbohydrates.  Carbohydrates include both sugars and starches.  Food sources include: PastaVegetables FruitsMilk GrainsRice/CerealsBread

7. SUGARS Monosaccharides 1. Composed of only one sugar molecule 2. Also called simple sugars 3. Characterized by a 6-carbon, or hexose ring 4. Examples: Glucose Fructose Galactose

8. DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS  Definition: combining of two or more molecules by removing a molecule of water  Results in the formation of disaccharides and polysaccharides

9. DIAGRAM Dehydration Synthesis Form a bond while losing a water molecule

10. DISACCHARIDES  Formed by the dehydration synthesis of two monosaccharides  Examples: Sucrose Maltose Lactose (milk sugar)

11. DIAGRAM

12. POLYSACCHARIDES  Formed by chains of monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis  Examples include the following: Cellulose Starch Glycogen Chitin

13. CELLULOSE  Most abundant organic compound on Earth  Makes up the cell wall of plants  Has an unusual structure -- every other monomer subunit is upside down  Easily folds into sheets and fibers

14. GLYCOGEN  Definition: starch molecules stored in the liver

15. STARCHES  Complex carbohydrates found in foods such as: Potatoes Breads Pasta

16. CHITIN  Definition: polysaccharide that forms the exoskeleton of bugs and seafood

17. HYDROLYSIS Definition: process by which the chemical bonds between glucose molecules in carbohydrates are broken down by adding water  Starch and other polysaccharides are digested into sugars