1. Chapter 9 Tectonics, Earthquakes, and Volcanoes
Elemental Geosystems 5e
Robert W. Christopherson
Charles E. Thomsen

3. Tectonics, Earthquakes, and Volcanoes
Earth’s Surface Relief Features  
Crustal Formation Processes  
Crustal Deformation Processes  
Orogenesis (Mountain Building)  
Earthquakes  
Volcanism  

4. Earth’s Surface Relief Features
Crustal Orders of Relief  
First order of relief
Second order of relief
Third order of relief
Hypsometry
Earth’s Topographic Regions  

5. Earth’s Hypsometry
Figure 9.2

6. Earth’s Topographic Regions
Figure 9.3

7. Crustal Formation Processes
Continental Shields  
Building Continental Crust
Terranes  

8. Crustal Formation
Figure 9.5

9. North American Terranes
Figure 9.6

10. Crustal Deformation Processes
Folding and Broad Warping  
Faulting  
Normal fault
Reverse (thrust) fault
Strike-slip fault
Faults in concert

11. Stress and Strain
Figure 9.7

12. Folding
Figure 9.8

13. Zagros Crush Zone
Figure 9.9

14. Domes and Basins
Figure 9.10

15. Normal Fault
Figure 9.11

16. Reverse Fault
Figure 9.11

17. Strike-Slip Fault
Figure 9.11

18. San Andreas Fault
Figure 9.12

19. Anatolian Fault and San Andreas Fault
Figure 9.13

20. Faulted Landscapes
Figure 9.14

21. Orogenesis (Mountain Building)
Types of Orogenies  
The Grand Tetons and the Sierra Nevada  
The Appalachian Mountains  
World Structural Regions  

22. Alpine Orogeny
Figure 9.15

23. Oceanic-Continental Collision
Figure 9.16

24. Oceanic-Oceanic Collision
Figure 9.16

25. Continental-Continental Collision
Figure 9.16

26. Teton Range in Wyoming
Figure 9.17

27. The Appalachian Mountains
Figure 9.18

28. World Structural Regions
Figure 9.19

29. Earthquakes Expected Quakes and Those of Deadly Surprise
Earthquake Essentials
The Nature of Faulting  
The San Francisco earthquakes
The Southern California earthquakes
Earthquake Forecasting and Planning

30. Buildup and Release of Stress
Figure 9.20

31. Anatomy of an Earthquake
Figure 9.21

32. Impacts of Earthquake Prediction
Figure 9.22

33. Volcanism Volcanic Features Location and Types of Volcanic Activity
Effusive eruptions  
Explosive eruptions  
Mount Pinatubo eruption
Volcano Forecasting and Planning

34. Hawaiian Basaltic Lava
Figure 9.23

35. Volcanic Settings
Figure 9.24

36. Rift Valley
Figure 9.25

37. Mount Hood and Flood Basalt
Figure 9.26

38. Hawaiian Volcanic Activity
Figure 9.27

39. White’s Isle, New Zealand
Figure 9.29

40. Pu‘u O‘o Crater, Hawai‘i
Figure 9.32

41. Shield and Composite Volcanoes
Figure 9.33

42. Composite Volcanoes
Figure 9.34

43. Elemental Geosystems 5e
End of Chapter 9
Elemental Geosystems 5e
Robert W. Christopherson
Charles E. Thomsen