1. Animations http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120077/micro06.swf
Home:

2. Figure Ribosome

3. Gene
1 gene (DNA) → 1 polypeptide (protein) 1 gene = 100s-1000s nucleotide pairs

4. Nucleic Acid Language (G.C.T.A.) ≠ Protein Language (20 Amino acids)
Gene
Nucleic Acid Language (G.C.T.A.) ≠ Protein Language (20 Amino acids)

5. The triplet code

6. Transcription & translation within cells Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic

7. 20 amino acids for proteins:
nonpolar
polar
ionic

8. “Universal dictionary” of the genetic code
Few Exceptions:
1. Mitochondrial DNA
2. Chloroplast DNA
3. Some single-celled
organisms

9. Codons same across most life☺

10. Tobacco plant w/ firefly gene
Codons same across most life☺
Tobacco plant w/ firefly gene

11. Transgenic Coho Salmon (1 yr. old )
non-transgenic
Source: Fisheries and Oceans Canada

12. GloFish® ???
Before
& After:
[Zebra fish (Danio rerio)]

13. Stages of Transcription
1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination
RNA
polymerase

14. Initiation at a eukaryotic promoter

15. Elongation 60 nucleotides/sec.
Termination
pre-mRNA

16. RNA processing; addition of the 5 cap and poly(A) tail

17. RNA processing: RNA splicing

18. The roles of snRNPs and spliceosomes in mRNA splicing
“Snurps”
(& Ribozymes)

19. Alternative RNA splicing:
(multiple genes may be stored in single DNA sequence)
* Spiced differently = two meanings 1,2
* THREAANCADTCAJTKE
1 THREAANCADTCAJTKE
2 THREAANCADTCAJTKE

20. Alternative RNA splicing:
(multiple genes may be stored in single DNA sequence)
* Spiced differently = two meanings 1,2
* THREAANCADTCAJTKE
1 THREAANCADTCAJTKE
2 THREAANCADTCAJTKE

21. Alternative RNA splicing:
(multiple genes may be stored in single DNA sequence)
* Spiced differently = two meanings 1,2
* THREAANCADTCAJTKE
“THE- CAT – ATE”
1 THREAANCADTCAJTKE
“TEA - AND – CAKE”
2 THREAANCADTCAJTKE

22. Alternative RNA splicing:
(multiple genes may be stored in single DNA sequence)
* Spiced differently = two meanings 1,2
* THREAANCADTCAJTKE
“THE- CAT – ATE”
1 THREAANCADTCAJTKE
“TEA - AND – CAKE”
2 THREAANCADTCAJTKE

23. Alternative RNA splicing:
(multiple genes may be stored in single DNA sequence)
* Spiced differently = two meanings 1,2
* THREAANCADTCAJTKE
“THE- CAT – ATE”
1 THREAANCADTCAJTKE
“TEA - AND – CAKE”
2 THREAANCADTCAJTKE

24. Spliceosomes

25. Hypothesis: Domain: specific function of an exon
Hypothesis: Domain: specific function of an exon *may explain source novel proteins

27. The nucleus & its envelope

28. Translation: the basic concept

29. Codon/A.A. dictionary

30. The structure of transfer RNA (tRNA)

31. The structure of transfer RNA (tRNA)
80 nucleotides

32. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase: joins amino acid & tRNA

33. 61 codons have only 45 anticodons How?
recognizes 2+ codons

34. third position of a codon.
tRNA “Wobble”
Nitrogenous base I
(pairs with U, C, A)
Nitrogenous base U
(pairs with A, G)
* Wobble only occurs in
third position of a codon.

36. Activated A.A.

37. The anatomy of a functioning ribosome

38. Ribosome and Protein Production
Steps:
1) Initiation
2) Elongation
3) Termination
Each step requires
Protein Factors

39. Initiation of translation

40. Elongation of translation

41. Termination of translation

42. Video of Ribosome & polypeptide synthesis

43. Polyribosomes: Quick & Massive Protein Production

44. Video protein synthesis in Prokaryote & Eukaryotes
(Optional in class)

45. Review: the four levels of protein structure

46. A chaperonin in action

47. Post-translational structure changes:
Chemical modification
Removal of some A.A
Cut/splice Polypeptide
Multiple polypeptides mixed

48. “FREE” to “Bound” Ribosome: Signal mechanism (SRP) for targeting proteins to the ER, etc.

49. Bound Ribosomes: The nucleus, its envelope, & ER also Chloroplasts, Mitochondria, other organelles

50. Ribosomes: Free & Bound

51. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

52. Golgi apparatus

53. Types of RNA in a Eukaryotic Cell
Diverse functions of RNA:
Informational
Structural
Catalytic

54. Bacterial Protein Production: Coupled transcription and translation
Animation:

55. Mutations

56. Mutations: A change in genetic sequence (in DNA).

57. Mutations: A change in genetic sequence (in DNA).
Types: 1. Base-pair
substitution 2. Base Pair
insertion/deletion

58. Mutations: A change in genetic sequence (in DNA)
Mutations: A change in genetic sequence (in DNA). Point Mutation: one nucleotide pair changed

59. e.g. sickle-cell disease: point mutation
(e.g. Base-pair substitution)

61. Base-pair
substitution

62. Base-pair insertion or deletion “FRAMESHIFT”
THE / CAR / AND / MAN / …
THE / CAP / RAN / DMA / N…
THE / CAR / AND / MAN / …
HEC / ARA / NDM / AN. / …

63. Causes of Errors (Mutations)
DNA Replication
Repair
Recombination
Mutagens:
- X-rays, UV, Chemicals, ….

64. Gametes! Where must mutations occur for a gene
to be passed to future generations?
Gametes!

65. A summary of transcription and translation in a eukaryotic cell

66. End: Protein Synthesis
End of Material for Test 2
Go to Next Chapter

68. Nuclei and F-actin in BPAEC cells

69. Veterans Day / Armistice Day
World War I ends:
Nov. 11, 1918 at 11 am

70. Last female WWI vet dies at 109
Charlotte Winters
(Nov 10,1897- Mar 27, 2007)
Boonsboro, Maryland
Typical female yeoman uniform, however, this is not Mrs. Winters.

71. Last Navy vet of WWI dies at 105
Lloyd Brown
(October March 29, 2007)
Charlotte Hall, MD