1. Outline:1/22/07 n n Pick up CAPA 4-5-6 – outside n n Chem Seminar reports – to me n n Organic Chem survey n n Today: Finish Chapter 13 - biomolecules Thermodynamics

2. Quiz #2: Organic nomenclature

3. Worksheet #2 Organic Nomenclature

4. Worksheet #2: n What is the structural formula and molar mass of 2-butanol? CH 3 CHCH 2 CH 3 = 74 g/mol HOHO n Primary amine?R – NH 2 n Tertiary alcohol? C – C – OH C C

5. Worksheet #2 (cont’d): n Ketone? n Ester? n Benzaldehyde? R – C – OR O – CHO aldehyde R – C – R O

6. Worksheet #2 (cont’d): naddition of ethanol and pentanoic acid C 2 H 5 – OH C 4 H 9 COOH C 2 H 5 – OC – C 4 H 9 O Practice!

7. Some Biopolymers: – carbohydrates – DNA/RNA – proteins

8. n 20 natural kinds, mostly in 2 types u Pentoses (5 carbons – ribose) u Hexoses (6 carbons – glucose, fructose) n All have an ether O in the ring u Ether is the starting point for numbering Monosaccharides Carbohydrates n C x (H 2 O) y (e.g. C 6 H 12 O 6 )

9. (hexoses with a subtle isomerism) Polymer = Cellulose Polymer = Starch CH 2 OH p. 116

10. CH 2 OH HO H H Galactose (more hexoses with subtle isomerisms)

11. Sweeteners: disaccharides Sucralose (splenda ® ) Hexose with 3 hydroxyls replaced with chlorine. Stable enough for baking. Aspartame (nutrasweet ® ) Dipeptide, breaks down under high heat. Sucrose A disaccharide,  -glucose connected to  - fructose.

12. e.g. cellulose & glycogen (Polysaccharide) a starch Structure of monomers determines shape of polymer!

13. Polysaccharides n Monomers are joined by condensation reaction to make an ether linkage u Storage of carbohydrates (starches, glycogen) u Structural materials (cellulose, chitin) Cellulose and chitin are made from  - glucose – they form sheets interconnected by either H-bonds or amide bonds. Starch is made from  -glucose and forms long strands that clump together.

14. Nucleic Acids pentose sugar n n organic base in a phosphate link macromolecule n n nucleotides/ polynucleotides (DNA/RNA)

15. Primary Structure: Bases p. 117

17. Find the pieces…. Pentose sugar   bases  Phosphate 

18. Nucleic acid structures n Addition of sugar and phosphate result in the monomer units for polymeric DNA and RNA. + The order of nucleic acids is called the primary structure or the sequence. (ACGT in this example)

19. Secondary Structure: Helix

20. Tertiary Structure: Shape

21. Proteins n n Amino acids n n peptides/polypeptides (polyamides made from condensation reactions of amino acids) R = side chain

22. (eleven)

23. (nine)

24. Summary… What do you need to know? Organic nomenclature A couple organic reactions Some polymer definitions Start reading chapter 14!

25. Thermodynamics & Chemical Energetics: Last semester: What happens in a chemical reaction... How much happens in a reaction... This semester: Why a chemical reaction happens... How fast does a reaction happen... Bonding Stoichiometry Thermodynamics Kinetics

26. Why are we so interested in heat? n n Chemical reactions that produce heat n n Chemical reactions that absorb heat “Exothermic” “Endothermic” Heat is related to whether the reaction will happen!