1. CPSC 335 Geometric Data Structures in Computer Modeling and GIS Dr. Marina L. Gavrilova Assistant Professor Dept of Comp. Science, University of Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N1N4

2. Topics Survey of applications of computational geometry to modeling and simulation of natural processes and GIS Brief introduction to Voronoi diagrams, ROAM and progressive meshes Application to terrain modeling Application to image processing and visualization

3. Computational geometry Originated in 1960 with invention of computers Describes algorithms and data structures for solving geometric problems with the use of computational methods Confirmed by practical implementation of methods

4. Areas of applicability A spectrum of computational geometry applications: Biology Molecular dynamics GIS (Geographical Information Systems) Physics Mechanics Chemistry The Monter Carlo model of a lipid bilayer in water, 8666 atoms

5. Problems in CG Problems that are addressed include: computing properties of particles arrangements, such as their volume and topology, in a general d-dimensional space testing intersections and collisions between particles finding offset surfaces (related to questions of accessibility of subregions) Solving nearest-neighbours problems Predicting time of the next collision between particles undergoing continuous motion Updating data structures accurately and efficiently Visualizing algorithms for rendering models

6. Subjects of study in CG Spatial objects: lines, polygons, planes Operations: stored, displayed, manipulated, queried Methods: querying algorithms, optimization algorithms, visualization methods

7. Topological relationships Adjacent Overlapping Disjoined Inclusion Neighbor Closest neighbor

8. Long ago… Jorge Luis Borges: "Map of a region was a size of a city, Map of an Empire was a size of a Province"

9. Now… Digital maps of geographical objects: spatial, or geometric attribute (shape, location, orientation, size) in 2D or 3D non-spatial attribute (descriptive)

10. Digital maps Geographical object: spatial, or geometric attribute (shape, location, orientation, size) in 2D or 3D non-spatial attribute (descriptive): statistic, population, force, velocity, etc.

11. What computer scientists are looking for: Not only a goal, but a process itself! Data structure: both inherent and coherent model properties, attributed geometric data structures Ex: Surface representation Algorithms: efficient, reliable, easy to update, portable, easy to implement, possible to visualize

12. Commonly used data structures in GIS Space partitioning: Planar subdivisions (regular and irregular) Tree-based data structure (segment trees, k-d trees, hierarchical octrees…) Voronoi diagrams Triangulations k cells

13. Voronoi diagram Given a set of N sites (points) in the plane or a 3D space Distance function d(x,P) between point x and site P is defined according to some metric Voronoi region Vor(P) is the set of all points which are closer to P than to any other site Voronoi diagram is the union of all Voronoi regions

14. Delaunay triangulation Definition 3. A Delaunay triangulation (DT) is the straight-line dual of the Voronoi diagram obtained by joining all pairs of sites whose Voronoi regions share a common Voronoi edge [Delaunay 34]. Follows from the definition: If two Voronoi regions Vor(P) and Vor(Q) share an edge, then sites P and Q are connected by an edge in the Delaunay triangulation If a Voronoi vertex belongs to Vor(P), Vor(Q) and Vor(R), then DT contains a triangle (P,Q,R) The generalized Delaunay tessellation (DT) is the data structure, dual to the generalized VD, containing proximity information for a set S.

15. VD and DT (for circles)

16. Delaunay triangulation in 3D

17. Delaunay triangulation in 3D, extra point

18. Distances Distances: Given a set of spherical objects (sites) S in R d. Point x from R d is the nearest neighbor of P from S iff d(x,P) <= d(x,Q), Q from S. Euclidean metric: d(x,P) = d(x,p) - r p Manhattan metric: d(x,P) = d(x,p) - r p = |x 1 - p 1 | +…+ |x d - p d |-r p Supremum metric: d(x,P) = d(x,p) - r p = max(|x 1 - p 1 |…|x d - p d |) - r p Laguerre geometry: d(x,P) = d(x,p) 2 - r 2 p =(x 1 - p 1 ) 2 +…(x d - p d ) 2 - r 2 p

19. Metric spaces in 2d L1L1 L2L2 LL

20. Power and Euclidean Voronoi diagrams – biological modeling P Q B(P,Q) Euclidean bisectorPower bisector Power diagram and Delaunay triangulation P Q B(P,Q) Euclidean diagram and Delaunay triangulation

21. Manhattan and Supremum VD – city planning Supremum bisectors Manhattan bisectors Manhattan diagram and Delaunay triangulation Supremum diagram and Delaunay triangulation

22. Example of Supremum VD and DT The supremum weighted Voronoi diagram (left) and the corresponding Delaunay triangulation (right) for 1000 randomly distributed sites.

23. Metric spaces are used: In computer modeling For optimization For point patter analysis For autocorrelation analysis

24. 3D Terrain Rendering Involves transformation of GIS data sources into a 3D coherent system Convert 2D map layers to 3D Using rendering methods to project the 3D data back to 2D Manipulate Camera and animation methods to obtain perspective view

25. Sourcing data from real world

26. DEM – Digital Elevation Models Finite representation of an abstract modeled space. Represent a function of 2D space: temperature, pressure, etc. Exist in sampled points in space, other points obtained by interpolation.

27. DEM: Digital Elevation Model Contains only relative Height Regular interval Pixel color determine height Discrete resolution

28. TIN – Triangulated Irregular Network TIN is a triangular partitioning of space. Set of points P, edges V and triangles T is stored in a “quad-edge” data structure.

29. Tessellation in terrain modeling Tessellation is a cellular decomposition of the plane (space).

30. Non-Photo-Realistic Real-time 3D Terrain Rendering Uses DEM as input of the application Generates frame coherent animated view in real-time Uses texturing, shades, particles etc. for layer visualization

31. Real-time terrain rendering Uses a graphics Engine/Library Central focus on efficient mesh representation View coherence and frame rate constancy Limited/Variable Level of Detail Speed optimization Representing layer data as textures or particles

32. Converting Height field data into 3D topological mesh 200255150100 255 200 150200100 Pixel value (z) is used as Height Map Vertices are generated as points in 3D A Mesh is triangulated

33. Mesh Representation Goals: Speed Quality Constancy Representations: Progressive Meshes ROAM: Real-time Optimally Adapting Mesh

34. Progressive Meshes Developed by Hugues Hoppe, Microsoft Research Inc. Published first in SIGGRAPH 1996.

35. How PM works…

36. ROAM : Can Subdivide when more details necessary Merge & Split Queue Tree Structured

37. Photo Realistic 3D Terrain

38. Conclusions Computational geometry methods find a variety of applications in GIS and other areas: for underlying data structures, algorithm implementation, querying, visualization, statistical analysis and optimization.