1. IFIP Performance 2007 On Processor Sharing (PS) and Its Applications to Cellular Data Network Provisioning Yujing Wu, Carey Williamson, Jingxiang Luo Department of Computer Science University of Calgary

2. IFIP Performance 2007 2 Motivation Insensitivity of network performance to the traffic details is a desirable property, since it facilitates robust traffic engineering. Example: Erlang B call blocking formula How about 3G cellular data networks? Are performance measures sensitive to the detailed traffic characteristics (e.g., flow size distribution, flow inter-arrival time, number of flows, correlations) or not?

3. IFIP Performance 2007 3 Synopsis of Paper Q: Processor Sharing (PS) = insensitivity? Egalitarian Processor Sharing (EPS): yes Discriminatory Processor Sharing (DPS): no DPS is a better model of cellular networks with Proportional Fairness (PF) scheduling Insensitivity study carried out for DPS DPS is “approximately insensitive” EV-DO simulation study verifies DPS results Results do not hold for differentiated services

4. IFIP Performance 2007 4 Key Contributions Improve the understanding of PS Prove the strict insensitivity of EPS in a relevant new case (i.e., finite capacity EPS) Systematically investigate the approximate insensitivity of DPS by simulation Apply these findings to traffic engineering for the downlink in 3G cellular data networks Practical insensitivity when PF scheduling is used Sensitivity when supporting differentiated services

5. IFIP Performance 2007 5 Outline Motivation & Contributions Modeling cellular data networks EPS and DPS results Simulation of a cellular system Service differentiation Summary

6. IFIP Performance 2007 6 Downlink Model for a Cellular Data Network data flow 1 data flow 2 data flow n MS PF scheduler current feasible rate: r( i ) TDM... 1.667 ms frame forward link C(t) CAC flow arrivals feasible rate of flow j at slot t realized throughput of flow j up to slot t schedule flow i at slot t propagation loss, shadowing, fast fading

7. IFIP Performance 2007 7 Modeling Cellular Networks The downlink of the cellular system behaves like a PS queue with respect to the flow-level performance With different assumptions about rate variations, the system can be abstracted to different models. Homogenous rate variation (idealized situation): the feasible rate fluctuates around the mean for all active flows, and these fluctuations are statistically identical for all users. Heterogeneous rate variation: the feasible rate fluctuations around the mean for active flows are statistically different. PF allocates more time to users with lower variability in the feasible rate. EPS DPS

8. IFIP Performance 2007 8 Traffic model I: Poisson flow arrivals The flow size distribution is general. Poisson process

9. IFIP Performance 2007 9 Traffic model II: Poisson session arrivals Flows in a session session arrival epochs (Poisson process) 1.distribution of number of flows per session 2.flow size distribution 3.think time distribution 4.correlation in successive flow and think time statistics general session structure flexibility to model more realistic traffic.

10. IFIP Performance 2007 10 Outline Motivation & Contributions Modeling cellular data networks EPS and DPS results Simulation of a cellular system Service differentiation Summary

11. IFIP Performance 2007 11 EPS Queue Results Insensitivity has been proven for: Poisson flow arrivals without blocking [Cohen; Kelly] Poisson session traffic with infinite capacity [Bonald et al. 2001abc; Bonald 2006; Borst 2003] We prove that the joint queue length distribution, mean number of active flows, and blocking probabilities are insensitive to the session structure in the finite-capacity EPS queue fed by Poisson session arrivals.

12. IFIP Performance 2007 12 Finite Capacity EPS system Model the system by a queueing network with a restricted state space. Apply results from stochastic queueing network theory for the proof. (see paper) Value? Assuming homogenous rate variation in the cellular system, we can replace the complicated Poisson session traffic with simple Poisson flows with exponentially distributed flow sizes. The simplified model will suffice for provisioning purposes.

13. IFIP Performance 2007 13 DPS Queue Results Rigorously speaking, performance is sensitive to the traffic details [Bonald 2004] Insensitive bounds and limiting approximations exist. [Fayolle 1980; van Kessel 2005; Bonald 2004; Boxma 2006] Do the insensitivity properties of EPS systems approximately carry over to DPS for certain parameter choices?

14. IFIP Performance 2007 14 DPS Model of 3G System M flow types Within type m, l m subclasses reflecting unequal sharing of time slots Assume all flows are geographically placed uniformly at random in the cell site, independent of their types.

15. IFIP Performance 2007 15 DPS Simulation Model Single class of traffic, but different flow weights Finite-capacity: at most 15 concurrent flows Two types of Poisson session traffic Type 1: 5 flows/session (deterministic), LN flow size (mean 2, CV 3), HyperExp thinking time (mean 1, CV 3) Type 2: Geo dist. for flow/session (mean 10), exp dist. thinking time (mean 0.05), flow sizes being one of five dist. (Deterministic, Exp, HyperExp, LN, Pareto) Change session details of type 2 and compare the results to those in the case where both types are Poisson flows with exponentially distributed sizes.

16. IFIP Performance 2007 16 DPS Simulation Results W i =[1, 2], i=1, 2W i =[1, 10], i=1, 2

17. IFIP Performance 2007 17 DPS Observations Flow details (session structure) have little impact on the first-order system performance unless the weights among different flows are highly skewed (e.g., the weight ratio is 10 or more). In practical cellular systems, the unequal slot sharing among flows caused by PF scheduling and by heterogeneous rate variations is only modest (e.g., weight ratio is less than 2). It is conjectured that traffic details do not affect the metrics relevant to network provisioning.

18. IFIP Performance 2007 18 Outline Motivation & Contributions Modeling cellular data networks EPS and DPS results Simulation of a cellular system Service differentiation Summary

19. IFIP Performance 2007 19 EV-DO System Model Simulate a shared downlink data channel of the central cell site surrounded by interfering cells (6 direct neighbours, and 12 outer cells). All BSs transmit at full power on the downlink. The channel model includes propagation loss, slow fading, and fast fading. Flows are placed uniformly at random in the center cell, and users do not move during flow transmission. Each active flow has a time-varying SINR updated at every slot.

20. IFIP Performance 2007 20 Static User Scenario Node ID 123456 Slot share 18.4% 17.9%16.9%14.6%13.7% xxxxxx node 1node 6 PF unfairness exists, but it is not extreme! BS

21. IFIP Performance 2007 21 Dynamic User Scenario Poisson flow arrivals flow size: m=50kB Poisson session arrivals flows per session: geometric dist., m=30; think time: exp dist., m=5s flow size: m=50KB No blocking Approximate insensitivity!

22. IFIP Performance 2007 22 Outline Motivation & Contributions Modeling cellular data networks EPS and DPS results Simulation of a cellular system Service differentiation Summary

23. IFIP Performance 2007 23 Service Differentiation Deliberately treat traffic unequally at the type level (i.e., strict priority) To what extent does the weight asymmetry among traffic types change the insensitivity property? A DPS system with two types of Poisson flow arrivals, each with a single subclass.

24. IFIP Performance 2007 24 DPS with Differentiated Service Change flow size distribution of high priority traffic type Change flow size distribution of low priority traffic type

25. IFIP Performance 2007 25 Service Differentiation Results Compared to the bias among subclasses, the bias among traffic types manifests sensitivity in a much more dramatic way. Depending on the traffic priority, variability in the flow size distribution has different impacts. Using simple traffic models may lead to under- estimation or over-estimation of performance in the cellular system when differentiated services are deployed.

26. IFIP Performance 2007 26 Summary Studied EPS/DPS models of cellular networks Extended the theoretical analysis of the EPS insensitivity to a new finite-capacity case. Showed that the first-order performance of DPS systems is approximately insensitive to the session structure in relevant regime for practical parameter settings. Simple and robust traffic engineering is possible for cellular systems using DPS for PF scheduling. The introduction of differentiated services may pose a great challenge for future cellular network provisioning.