1. Safe Biological Control

3. Outcompete Attacks native arthropods Kills pest predators

4. Introductions of Fish to Control Mosquitoes

5. Non-target effects

6. Generalist agents could represent a problem Compsilura concinnata Gypsy moth Wild moths

7. Related species at target area could be a problem Invasive thistle Native thistle Flower head beetle

8. Not having enough information…Big Problem giant African snail Tahiti predatory land snail

9. Natural Enemies Can Disperse Cactoblastis cactorum Opuntia

10. Direct and Indirect non-target effects Introduced Native

11. Predicting non-target effects How can we test for non-target effects?

12. Measuring host-range

14. Brassicaceae Rosedaceae

15. Measuring host-range

16. Physiological vs Ecological Host Range Lab: Fungus attacks 28 out of 78 species of caterpillars species of caterpillars Field: Fungus attacks 3 species of caterpillars gypsy moth gypsy moth fungi

17. Other problems Competition Intraguild predation Hybridization

18. Post-release evaluations are needed

19. Can host-specificity change?

20. Release of natural enemies is not only a national issue National entities Importers Exporters

21. What are our alternatives? Chemical control Not doing anything