1. Chain Computerisation Prof. dr Jan Grijpink Utrecht University / Dutch Ministry of Justice

2. Chain concept

3. What is a (value) chain? temporary co-operation between independent organizations to solve a dominant chain problem a chain-wide problem that puts the whole value chain at risk, no chain partner being able to solve it on his own no co-ordinating, commanding nor enforcing authority: the dominant chain problem is the ‘boss’ but only as long as the problem has the chain in its grip

4. Importance of chain thinking Chains are becoming increasingly important: advancing specialisation increasing mutual dependence mounting social demands increasing interaction and cooperation Chains form a difficult domain: absence of overall authority shared interests often limited and unclear irrationality and unpredictability at chain level the dominant chain problem ‘rules’ the chain!

5. Chain approach

6. Irrational context Dominant chain problem The chain is a multi-level concept

7. (1) The irrational context of a chain If: Objectives are unclear, instable or inconsistent There is difference of opinion about the appropriate line of approach There is uncertainty about who is or should be involved there will only be a coincidental relation between: (1) problems (2) solutions (3) participants (4) decision situations The enormous amount of possible coincidental combinations is limited by: - social context: habits, etc.; - social structure: formal relations, etc.; - the importance of the decision: more important decisions attract more participants

8. Some basic chain ‘laws’ 1.Any large-scale solution is lacking of support; incremental change is the better way! 2. Do not interfere in other organisations’ internal affairs: a. computerise before you reorganise; b. infrastructure: the leaner, the better; c. no coercion nor obligation, try pressure or rewards instead. 3. The dominant chain problem is the chain’s ‘boss’ 4. A crisis can provoke change, but only temporarily

9. (2) The dominant chain problem determines the chain! the common challenge any chain partner’s influence which communication is critical which chain information system is needed As soon as another chain problem gets on top, the chain changes and every aspect with it! a chain-wide problem that puts the whole value chain at risk, no chain partner being able to solve it on his own

10. Identity chain source document legal proof of identity cards, PIN, personal numbers trans- actions dominant chain problem: combating tampered ID-documents document fraud dominant chain problem : combating wrong person-right document (number, foto, etc) identity fraud or theft gradual shift

11. base level of a value chain: bilateral communication between independent organizations working together chain level: common chain information systems facilitating chain-wide communication supra-chain level: general information systems without explicit chain relations (3) A value chain is a multi-level concept

12. A chain is a multi-level concept base level of a chain source register chain level chain information system link between a source register and a chain information system Key : chain information system source register supra-chain level

13. Two-level computerisation for drug addicts’ health care LCMR Addictis chain information systems source registers chain level base level of the chain Key: interface between source registers interface between a source register and a chain information system source register chain information system

14. Chain information strategy

15. Chain computerisation for drug addicts’ health care GP Pharmacist LCMR-nr reference drug addicts’ health care chain medical file coordinating doctor LCMR- chip card card number and biometric template Is this patient known and is he the right person? Who is his coordinator? additional treatment advise patient file last contact chain level base level of the chain base level of the chain

16. features of chain communication: alerts alerts are integrated in the work processes, do not require extra human effort critical information is offered, not te be looked for at the right moment and on the right place of the decision or the action, part of the workflow by means of a lean information infrastructure data are deleted after use (documentation excepted) no rigid follow up

17. Chain level Chain computerisation for disaster prevention and management alert inspectors mobile command center coordinates of objects and references signaling special risks alert emergency center advise GIS with A reference index Register of objects with special risks and their coordinates subscription Base level of the chain

18. Chain Analysis

19. Chain profile Mission Collective challenge Dominant chain problem Focus group Chain partners Process steps Intermediary products of a link of the chain Critical detail Important meeting points, portals, frontoffices Criterion to be a chain object

20. Chain profile Mission Collective challenge Dominant chain problem Focus group Chain partners Process steps Intermediary products of a link of the chain Critical detail Important meeting points, portals, frontoffices Criterion to be a chain object

21. Process structure 1 Parallel 2 Lineair 3 Convergent 4 Divergent 5 Knot 6 Wheel Coordination profile

22. Coordinating mechanisms Process structure 1 Parallel 2 Lineair 3 Convergent 4 Divergent 5 Knot 6 Wheel Production standards Skill standardsChain information system Product standardsMethod standards Informal adaptation Coordination profile

23. Coordinating mechanisms Process structure 1 Parallel X X 2 Lineair X X X X 3 Convergent X X X X 4 Divergent X X X X 5 Knot X X X X X X 6 Wheel X X X X X X Production standards Skill standardsChain information system Product standardsMethod standards Informal adaptation Coordination profile

24. Coordinating mechanisms Process structure 1 Parallel X X 2 Lineair X X X X 3 Convergent X X X X 4 Divergent X X X X 5 Knot X X X X X X 6 Wheel X X X X X X Production standards Skill standardsChain information system Product standardsMethod standards Informal adaptation Coordination profile

25. Information profile crimecaseperson establish violation x investigatex trigger a decision x decidex implementx Rehabitationx

26. Chain co-operation profile phase of development processes at chain level Informal talks Formal meetings Co- decision making Chain- project Chain- organi- sation Facilitating process Main process Policy making process A C D B E

27. Chain analysis procedure

28. Is that chain information system indispensable to bridge fault lines in the chain’s information structure? Chain analysis procedure What is the dominant chain problem? Which chain parties are involved? What are the steps in the chain process? What is the critical information? Who has it? Who needs it? Which chain information system is needed? Is that chain information system indispensable to coordinate the chain collaboration? Is it feasible as common chain facility?