1. Module Chapter 13 – Energy

2. Energy 99% - sun’s energy is renewable and indirectly produces: –Solar energy (panels) –Wind (turbines) –Water (hydropower) –Biomass (bonds of organic matter) 1% - commercial energy –Non-renewable mineral resources –Fossil fuels (oil, natural gas & coal)

3. Oil & Natural Gas Oil – pumped from deep in the ground to wells on the land or rigs on water –Travels through pipelines –Stored in tanks –refined Natural gas – from above the oil layer –Pumped to wells –Piped to storage

4. Coal & Geothermal Coal – carbonized vegetable matter deposited in the Carboniferous period –Mined from coal seams –Strip mined Geothermal – Steam from cracks in the earth –Water heated underground near hot rocks close to the core –Heat rises through the cracks in the lithosphere

5. Future - Quality of Energy Sources Amount of net yield Cost Government research & development Subsides & tax breaks How will dependency affect economics Vulnerability to terrorism How will it affect the environment

6. Crude Oil Petroleum – crude oil – decompose dead matter –Thick liquid –Contains hundreds of combustible organic compounds –Contains sulfur, oxygen & nitrogen impurities –Result of high temperature & pressure over 2- 140 million years

7. World Oil Supply 78% of crude are in 11 OPEC countries –Algeria, Indonesia, Iran (8.6%), Iraq (11%), Kuwait (9.2%), Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia (25%), the United Arab Emirates (9.3%), & Venezuela US is the most oil dependent & we can not supply our needs (only 2.9% reserves) Estimated time of depletion - 80% in 42-93 years US oil drilling in Alaska is limited and will destroy the environment

8. Natural Gas Found above crude oil reservoirs Primarily methane (50-90%) Limited Transient fuel between carbon based fuels to hydrogen- solar based energy

9. Coal US has 62% of the worlds coal deposits Dirty fuel Can be used as either a gas or a liquid Produces serious environmental hazard

10. Nuclear Energy Nuclear fission chain reaction Constructed to contain: –Fuel rods – uranium oxide – core –Control rods that absorb neutrons –Moderator that keeps the fission moving –Coolant removes heat and steam –Containment vessel that hold the radioactive material

11. Renewable Energy Solar energy (panels) Wind (turbines) Water (hydropower) Biomass (bonds of organic matter)

12. Wind Energy Clinton County Wind Energy Projects Please go to the following websites and read about wind energy. –http://www.rurdev.usda.gov/rbs/farmbill/ –http://www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/ Then go to the following wind energy sites relating to the two wind projects in Clinton County NY (Marble River and Noble). –http://www.horizonwind.com/projects/whatweredoing/ newyork/marbleriver.aspx –http://www.noblepower.com/our-projects/index.html

13. Hydropower Hydro-Quebec Eisenhower Locks Kent Falls Dam