1. Biology Unit 3 Review Energy

2. Access Prior Knowledge Unit 3 Exam covers all of human knowledge up thru the lessons on Energy

3. Access Prior Knowledge Enzymes –Control biochemical reactions –Enzymatic activity affected by … Temperature O  C; water freezes 20  C; room temp 37  C; body temp 100  C; water boils 28  C = 82  F (it’s dyslectic!) Graphing & Analyzing Data Biochemical Reactions –Hydrolysis –Dehydration Synthesis Experimental Control Bromothymol Blue –CO 2 turns solution acidic

4. Unit 3 Vocabulary Know the words Know what the words mean

5. Photosynthesis (3.1 & 3.2) (To Make with Light) Carbon+Water -----> Glucose+Oxygen Dioxidelight 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O -----> C 6 H 12 0 6 +6O 2 light Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and some single-celled organisms (autotrophs) use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar. It is the conversion of light energy into chemical energy and is associated with the actions of the green pigment chlorophyll. Two part process: light reaction & dark reaction

6. Photosynthesis Light Reaction –Light energy (photons) absorbed by chlorophyll causes release of high energy electrons (e - ). Two molecules of water are split into 4H + and O 2. –High energy e - are passed thru Electron Transport Chain where the energy is used to re-phosphorylate ATP. –Molecular oxygen (O 2 ) is released. ADP+Pi ATP  Energy 

7. Photosynthesis Dark Reaction –ATP energy created in light reaction used to synthesize glucose from carbon dioxide –6CO 2 -----> C 6 H 12 O 6 ATPADP+Pi  Energy 

8. Photosynthesis Refer to the diagram on the left for questions 1 - 4. 1.What gas is found in the bubbles? Explain? 2.What part of the cell does the release of this material occur in? 3.What happens if the same setup is left in the dark? 4.How would you design a control for this setup?

9. Energy in Organic Molecules (3.3) This is a molecule of glucose. Glucose is a molecule that can be easily metabolized to release energy. Where is the energy stored in this molecule?

10. Cellular Respiration The process by which food is broken down to release energy. Which kinds of cells carry out cellular respiration? Where does it occur within the cell? What is the ultimate goal of cellular respiration? Glucose + Oxygen -----> Carbon Dioxide + Water+ Energy C 6 H 12 0 6 + 6O 2 -----> 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ATP

11. Cellular Respiration Three Stages –Glycolysis –Kreb’s Cycle –Electron Transport Chain

12. Cellular Respiration

13. Cellular Respiration Glycolysis Glycolysis Glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm of the cell Literally means “splitting of sugar” splitting glucose (6C) into 2 pyruvate (3C) produces net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH occurs with or without oxygen.

14. Cellular Respiration

15. Cellular Respiration Kreb’s Cycle Kreb’s Cycle –Pyruvate moves from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrion –Pyruvate broken down to carbon dioxide and water –Process releases hi-E electrons to ETC along with NADH and FADH2 (H + ) –Produces 2 ATPs –Requires oxygen, meaning it is aerobic.

16. Cellular Respiration Kreb’s Cycle Kreb’s Cycle or pyruvate

17. Cellular Respiration

18. Cellular Respiration Electron Transport Chain Electron Transport Chain (ETC) –Most energy stored in original glucose molecule will be released by the electron transport chain –network of electron- carrying proteins –located in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion -Energy released used to re-phosphorylate ATP -Hydrogen ions combine with oxygen to form water -H + + O 2 -----> H 2 O

19. Anaerobic Respiration (3.7) Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation –C 6 H 12 O 6  2ATP + 2 Lactate (lactic acid) Alcoholic Fermentation –C 6 H 12 O 6  2ATP + 2CO 2 + 2 Ethanol In fermentation, glycolysis proceeds normally, as in aerobic conditions, producing a net gain of 2 ATP. However, without oxygen the pyruvates from glycolysis are broken down into either ethanol and CO 2 or lactic acid allowing NADH to be recycled so that fermentation can continue in the cytoplasm and a limited amount of ATP can be produced in the absence of oxygen.

20. Anaerobic Respiration Fermentation Glucose solution and yeast are placed in the tube shown on the right at 20°C. The tube is sealed. After several hours gas is formed in the collection tube. 1. What process has occurred to produce this gas? 2. What gas is produced? 3. Predict what would happen to the volume of the gas produced if the experiment was conducted at 35°C. Explain. 4. What other material is present in the test tube beside CO 2, glucose, yeast, and water? 5. Why do some organisms only undergo fermentation instead of cellular respiration? 6. Which produces more energy: cellular respiration or fermentation?

21. Cellular Respiration ATP and ADP ATPADP+Pi EnergyforCellularFunction EnergyfromCellularRespiration  Energy 