1. Chapter 7 Personal Growth and Work Stress

2.  Describe the characteristics of adult development  Explain Levinson’s concept of life structures  Recognize career anchors and their significance  Describe the functions that mentors perform  Identify trends in career management and planning  Explain the transactional model of career stress  Assess your current life-career situation and develop a plan for the future Objectives 7-1 Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach 8/E Joyce S. Osland, David A. Kolb, Irwin M. Rubin and Marlene E. Turner

3. “A plan is nothing; planning is everything.” Eisenhower People who set clearly stated career goals are more likely to achieve them 7-2 Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach 8/E Joyce S. Osland, David A. Kolb, Irwin M. Rubin and Marlene E. Turner

4. Levinson’s Adult Development Model  Leaving the family (16-23 yrs.)  Getting into the adult world (26-33)  Settling down and becoming one’s own person (38-50)  Restabilization and entering middle age (55-60) 7-3 Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach 8/E Joyce S. Osland, David A. Kolb, Irwin M. Rubin and Marlene E. Turner

5. … Levinson’s Adult Development Model  Task is to establish a life structure – “the pattern or design of a person’s life” – appropriate for each stage of life  Life structures remain stable for about 7 years and are reevaluated during transitional periods  Transitions occur around 30, 40, and 50 years of age  If very turbulent, they are called crises – “the midlife crisis” 7-4 Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach 8/E Joyce S. Osland, David A. Kolb, Irwin M. Rubin and Marlene E. Turner

6. The New “Protean” Career Contract  Career managed by person, not organization  Career as lifelong series of experiences, skills, learning, transitions, and identity changes  Development is continuous learning, self- directed, relational, and found in work challenges 7-5 Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach 8/E Joyce S. Osland, David A. Kolb, Irwin M. Rubin and Marlene E. Turner

7. Career Anchors - Defined Motivational, attitudinal, and value syndromes formed early in life that function to guide and constrain people’s careers 7-6 Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach 8/E Joyce S. Osland, David A. Kolb, Irwin M. Rubin and Marlene E. Turner

8. Schein’s Career Anchors  Technical/Functional/Managerial Competence  Security and Stability  Creativity  Entrepreneurship 7-7 Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach 8/E Joyce S. Osland, David A. Kolb, Irwin M. Rubin and Marlene E. Turner

9. …Schein’s Career Anchors  Autonomy and Independence  Service  Pure Challenge  Lifestyle 7-8 Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach 8/E Joyce S. Osland, David A. Kolb, Irwin M. Rubin and Marlene E. Turner

10. Four Patterns of Careers  Linear – progress through series of jobs that increase in authority and responsibility  Steady-state/expert – committed to a field or specialty; field-related expertise  Spiral – move across disciplines from one field to a related one; builds on old skills but also requires new skills  Transitory – frequent unrelated job changes 7-9 Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach 8/E Joyce S. Osland, David A. Kolb, Irwin M. Rubin and Marlene E. Turner

11. How to Balance Dual Careers  Limiting the impact of family on work (delay, subcontract)  Taking turns (trade off career and child care)  Participating in joint ventures (same career or same organization)  Choosing independent careers (commute)  Subordinating one career to the other (one partner takes a less demanding job or stays at home so the other can optimize career opportunities) 7-10 Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach 8/E Joyce S. Osland, David A. Kolb, Irwin M. Rubin and Marlene E. Turner

12. Mentor - Defined A senior person within the organization who assumes responsibility for a junior person 7-11 Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach 8/E Joyce S. Osland, David A. Kolb, Irwin M. Rubin and Marlene E. Turner

13. Benefits of Extensive Mentoring  More promotions  More highly paid  High job satisfaction *Especially helpful for minorities and women 7-12 Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach 8/E Joyce S. Osland, David A. Kolb, Irwin M. Rubin and Marlene E. Turner

14. Career Functions of Mentors  Sponsorship  Exposure and Visibility  Coaching  Protection  Challenging Assignment 7-13 Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach 8/E Joyce S. Osland, David A. Kolb, Irwin M. Rubin and Marlene E. Turner

15. Psychosocial Functions of Mentors  Role modeling  Acceptance and confirmation  Counseling  Friendship 7-14 Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach 8/E Joyce S. Osland, David A. Kolb, Irwin M. Rubin and Marlene E. Turner

16. Stress - Defined The nonspecific response of an organism to demands that tax or exceed its resources Three stages in the stress response:  Alarm  Resistance  Exhaustion 7-15 Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach 8/E Joyce S. Osland, David A. Kolb, Irwin M. Rubin and Marlene E. Turner

17. Is Stress Good or Bad? Positive When it motivates us to work harder Negative When it exceeds our coping abilities and interferes with our ability to perform When it results in illness 7-16 Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach 8/E Joyce S. Osland, David A. Kolb, Irwin M. Rubin and Marlene E. Turner

18. Major Causes of Work Stress  Change  Lack of control  High workload 7-17 Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach 8/E Joyce S. Osland, David A. Kolb, Irwin M. Rubin and Marlene E. Turner

19. Costs of Work Stress  Decreased job satisfaction  Decreased job performance  Increased absenteeism  Increased alcohol and drug abuse  Illness 7-18 Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach 8/E Joyce S. Osland, David A. Kolb, Irwin M. Rubin and Marlene E. Turner

20. Transactional Model of Career Stress 7-19 Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach 8/E Joyce S. Osland, David A. Kolb, Irwin M. Rubin and Marlene E. Turner

21. Coping Strategies  Direct action – remove the stressor by changing the situation  Cognitive reappraisal – change the way we think about the stressor or situation  Symptom management – treat the stress reaction via exercise or meditation 7-20 Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach 8/E Joyce S. Osland, David A. Kolb, Irwin M. Rubin and Marlene E. Turner

22. Balancing Work and Nonwork  Design the organization and jobs to support employee growth and achievement  Develop policies that support both work and personal life interests  Recognize that the nature of work and careers have changed 7-21 Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach 8/E Joyce S. Osland, David A. Kolb, Irwin M. Rubin and Marlene E. Turner

23. The Future The PastThe Present Tripod of Life Plan Perspectives Life Plan 7-22 Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach 8/E Joyce S. Osland, David A. Kolb, Irwin M. Rubin and Marlene E. Turner