1. ETHNOGRAPHY OF COMMUNICATION
As a domain of inquiry, linguistic anthropology starts from the theoretical assumption that words matter and from the empirical finding that linguistic signs as representations of the world and connections to the world are never neutral… (Duranti, (2002: 5).

2. Discussion Questions (Video)
1. Can Urban Franco Hip Hop music be considered part of a linguistic community in Montreal?

3. How is this type of music, in the context of Montreal, articulated in terms of race, ethnicity or age?

4. Do you think Hip Hop music can be considered a marker of personal or/and group identity? How? Why?

5. Sociolinguistics and Linguistic Anthropology
Connected to sociology
Quantitative methods
Urban environments
Developed in the 1950’s and 60’s
Subfield of Anthropology
Qualitative methods
Small scale societies
Developed by Frank Boas (early 1900’s)

6. Influenced by Ethnography of Communication
Dell Hymes (1960’s and 1970’s)
Linguistics in the widest possible way: folklore, international linguistics, cognitive anthropology, sociology, etc

7. Ethnography of communication: The study of communication in its widest cultural and social context, including rules of language, norms of appropriate language use in particular settings, and evaluations given by members of a culture to various speech styles

8. Concern with:
Segmentation of a speech communities: class, gender, race, age, and ethnicity
Alternative means utilised by speakers to obtain goals
The roles of speakers as social actors;
The function of speaking as a social activity

9. Speech event and Context
“Would you be so kind as to pass me the salt?
“Gimme the salt!
Many ways to achieve several purposes

10. Communicative rules: Exist in all cultures Define acceptable behavior
Give directives
shape behaviour and help in evaluating others
May change from context to context
Cultural specific

11. The most important aspects of a communicative interaction are:
Settings
Participants
topics
Goals
They are interconnected
Two types of communicative interactions: formal and informal

12. Formal: University Class
Setting: a fixed arranged local, A university classroom
Participants: are defined: students and teachers
Topics; fixed: math, history, anthropology, etc
Goals: to teach and learn, etc.

13. Setting:
Arena for action
Define events
Culturally defined formalities

14. Universal Aspects of Formality (Irvine, 1979)
Increased structuring: rules of etiquette
Consistency of co-occurrence choices: stylistic choices
Emphasis on positional identities of participants: play of multiple roles or identities
Emergence of a central situational focus: constrains on choice of topic

15. Participants Speakers, addressees, and audiences Choice of speakers:
--pronunciation
--prosodic features
--syntax
--choice of words
--nonverbal cues

16. Terms of address FN, Title + Last name (TLN) Reciprocal FN and TLN
Non-reciprocal: FN-TLN and TLN-FN
Pronouns: T and V from the French Tu and Vous
Honorifics: markers that signal respect

17. Nahuatl degrees of respect
I. intimacy and subordination: prefixes between intimates of similar age and status to signify closeness
II. Neutrality and distance; prefixes employ among strangers
III Honour: to address older woman and men
IV Restricted to people who are in a compadrazgo relationship

18. TOPICS and GOALS TOPICS Preference of co-participants
Disapproval of violations of rules
GOALS
Individual and collective
Expressed in a variety of forms
Formal or informal language

19. Exam Review:
content and form

20. Exam Review 1.content overview 2. Form and content of exam

21. Content Overview
Types of meanings transmitted through language: situational, cultural and social
Characteristics: productivity and displacement
Formal Properties of Language: sounds, vocabulary and grammar: a) Grammar: morphology and syntax
1. Morphological analysis: morphemes (stems and affixes)
2. Nonverbal Communication: a. kinesics and proxemics
B. Extended and Transferred Meaning
1. metaphor and metonymy

22. Content Overview (2nd)
1. Language and cultural meaning: a) Cultural models
2. Foundation of Linguistic anthropology
Ethnography of communication(Dell Hymes)
1. Aspects of Communicative Interaction. a) setting, particip, topics, goals: 1. Formal and informal .

23. Content and Form of Exam One
Will cover:
Bonvillain Chapters 2 and 4; Martin and Nakayama Chapters: 4 and 6; langer’s “language and Thought”, Robert’s “A Brief history of English”, Hoffman’s “Life in a New Language”
Videos: “American Tongues” and “Urban Chronicle”
Form multiple choice questions (5 marks)
definitions ( 5 marks)
short answers (with examples) (6 marks)
essay type question out of two (9 marks)