1. Joule Project JIRP106/03 Oct 2006 – Dec 2008 Investigator Team: UoL - Department of Engineering: Richard Burrows, Nick Yates, TS Hedges, DY Chen, Ming Li, JG Zhou POL: Ian Walkington, Judith Wolf, J Holt, R Proctor, (D Prandle) Liverpool Energy Day Foresight Centre Tues 23 rd June 2009 The UK Tidal Range Renewable Energy Resource

2. Global Tidal Amplitudes

3. Tidal Barrage Power Generation  Lasting source of clean energy  Large capacity and secure  Time of production predictable  Tried and tested La Rance operating > 40 yrs  Flood protection  Transport link  Tourism  Disadvantage - some environmental modification but not necessarily degradation!!

4. Power Generation Tide Elevation Basin Elevation h min delay t z Tidal Ebb-mode Power Generation

5. 5 ‘Flat-Estuary’ 0-D Modelling: Dee Estuary (8m turbines)

6. 66 Operating Modes Ebb 1.35 TWh Dual 1.30 TWh Flood 0.79TWh Dee Estuary ( 40x21MW 8m turbines, 40x8mx12m sluices)

7. 7 Dual mode operation: 800MW station (80@10MW) - Annual Energy ~ 1.87T Wh [40@10MW ~ 1.23 TWh] Dee Estuary (8m turbines) – Dual-Mode Operation

8. 2-D Modelling using ADCIRC and Unstructured Grid Generation

9. Flow simulations around the whole grid

10. Flow simulations around the Irish Sea

11. (1xDoEn) ebb Change to Tidal Components M2 S2

12. Flow simulations around the Dee & Mersey Barrages

13. (1xDoEn) Ebb Mode Power Output Annual Output (TWh) Severn15.81 Dee0.89 Morecambe Bay 5.98 Solway9.66 Mersey0.57 Total32.91 Common Delay of 2 hours imposed

14. (1xDoEn) ebb Spring / Neap Power

15. (1xDoEn) dual Spring / Neap Power

16. 1xDoEn Ebb- Mode Energy (TWh) 1xDoEn Dual- Mode Energy (TWh) 3xDoEn Dual- Mode Energy (TWh) Solway9.666.8210.80 Morecambe Bay 5.983.997.13 Mersey0.570.740.97 Dee0.890.801.35 Total Energy (TWh) UK (%) Total Energy (TWh) UK (%) Total Energy (TWh) UK (%) North West17.104.512.343.220.245.3 Severn15.814.214.013.720.015.3 Total32.918.726.356.940.2510.6 Energy Outputs from 2-D Modelling - provisional figures not fully validated

17. Grid of the west coast model showing the locations of the four simulated tidal stream farms: Mersey (blue); Skerries (yellow); West Wales (green); Lynmouth (red). Modelling tidal stream power potential

18. Rated Capacity (MW) Rated Speed (m/s) Mersey202.4 Lynmouth302.0 Skerries10.52.4 West Wales 82.0 Annual Output (GWh/y) Utilisation (%) Mersey7.85 Lynmouth40.916 Skerries40.044 West Wales 37.955

19. Change in current speed at the tidal stream farms:- Mersey Lynmouth Skerries West Wales Modelling tidal stream power potential

20. Contents From MacKay (2009) ‘Sustainable Energy- without the hot air’ Red/pink - Regions with peak currents exceeding 1m/s Estuary barrage Coastal lagoon

21. CONCLUDING COMMENT The UK possesses natural resources in tidal energy capable of making a significant impact on its CO 2 emissions. _____________  Tidal barrages in the estuaries of the Northwest would be capable of meeting about half the region’s electricity need  UK tidal resource ~ 15% barrage/lagoon + ~ 5% ‘stream’  ISSUES outstanding:- sediments – morphological changes & biodiversity implications; tidal regime change & biodiversity implications; tidal stream resource and array performance evaluation; optimal operational scheduling - grid balancing; hydro-mechanical plant performance; economics - holistic cost-benefit analysis  Further information: www.liv.ac.uk/engdept/tidalpower  Any questions?