2. Is This Enough Money?

3. Hardware Components Figure 2.1: Computer System Components System unit
Houses CPU and memory
All other devices are linked to the system unit
Figure 2.1: Computer System Components

4. Hardware Components (cont)

5. Processing Characteristics and Functions
Machine cycle time: time to execute the instruction phase and the execution phase
Clock speed: electronic ______ produced at a predetermined rate ( pc sales # 3 gigahertz )
Wordlength: number of ______ that can be processed at one time
Physical characteristics of the CPU
Digital circuits on chips
Electrical current flows through silicon

6. Memory Characteristics and Functions: Storage Capacity
Table 2.1: Number of Bytes

7. Types of Memory Random access memory (______)
Temporary
Volatile
______ (read-only memory)
Usually nonvolatile

8. Multiprocessing
Multiprocessing: simultaneous _________ of two or more instructions
Parallel processing: linking hundreds or thousands of processors operating in parallel
Grid computing: collection of computers working to solve a _________ problem

9. Secondary Storage and Input and Output Devices
Also called _________ storage
Nonvolatile
Greater capacity and _________ economy than memory

10. Secondary Storage Access Methods
Sequential access: _________ must be retrieved in order
Direct access: records can be _________ in any order

11. Secondary Storage Devices
Magnetic tapes
Magnetic disks
Redundant array of independent/inexpensive disks (RAID)
Compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM)
CD-recordable (CD-R) discs (CD-RW) discs
Digital versatile disc (DVD)
Memory cards
Expandable storage

12. Input Devices Personal computer input devices
Keyboard
Mouse
Voice-recognition devices
Terminals
Touch-sensitive screens
Bar-code scanners
Optical data readers

13. Input Devices (continued)
Point-of-sale (POS) devices
Automatic teller machine (ATM) devices
Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) devices
Radio-frequency identification

14. Output Devices Display monitors Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)
Printers and plotters

15. Computer System Types Handheld computers Portable computers
Thin client
Desktop computers
Workstations
Servers
Mainframe computers
Supercomputers

16. Overview of Software Computer programs: _________ of instructions
Documentation: describes program functions
Systems software: coordinates the _________ of hardware and programs
Application software: helps users solve particular _________

17. Supporting Individual, Group, and Organizational Goals
Sphere of influence: the scope of problems and opportunities addressed by a _________ organization
Personal
_________
Enterprise
Table 2.5: Classifying Software by Type and Sphere of Influence

18. Systems Software: Operating Systems

19. Operating Systems are also responsible for the execution of the following activities:
Performing common _________ hardware functions
Providing a user _________ and input/output management
Providing a degree of _________ independence
Managing system _________
Managing _________ tasks
Providing _________ capability
Controlling _________ to system resources
Managing files

20. Current Operating Systems
Table 2.6: Popular Operating Systems Across All Three Spheres of Influence

21. Types and Functions of Application Software
Proprietary software: unique _________ for a specific application, usually developed and owned by a single company
Off-the-shelf software: _________ software
_________ package

22. Personal Application Software
Word processing programs
spreadsheet programs
database programs
graphics programs
ETC

23. Workgroup Application Software
Workgroup application software: supports teamwork, whether _________ are in the same location or dispersed around the world
Groupware: software that helps groups of people work together more _________ and _________

24. Enterprise Application Software
Software that benefits an entire organization
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software: programs that manage a company’s vital business operations for an entire multisite, global organization

25. Programming Languages
Sets of keywords, symbols, and a system of rules for constructing statements
Allow humans to communicate instructions to be executed by a computer
Syntax: a set of rules associated with a programming language
Different languages have characteristics that make them appropriate for particular types of applications

26. Software Issues and Trends
Software bugs
Program defects that keep it from _________ correctly
Copyrights and _________
Global _________ support