1. Border 2012: U.S.-Mexico Environmental Program David Trujillo Sonia Uribe CE 397 – Transboundary Water Resources November 1, 2005 Environmental and Water Resources Engineering University of Texas at Austin

3. La Paz Agreement La Paz Agreement 1983 Border Environmental Agreement Signed in 1983, in La Paz, Baja California Defines U.S. - Mexico border region ± 2,000 miles The Gulf of Mexico - the Pacific Ocean ± 62.5 miles on either side of the border Address environmental problems and health diseases environmentally-related. Background

4. Geography Climates: Mediterranean, San Diego-Tijuana area Desert Lands, New Mexico-Chihuahua, and Texas Biological diversity Multiple jurisdictions: Ten states, local governments, and U.S. Tribes.

5. Sister Cities

6. Demography More than 11.8 million people 6.3 million in the United States 5.5 million in Mexico 90% population in cities 10% small towns or rural communities Population growth rate exceed anticipated national average growth rate for each country.

7. Environmental Degradation Rapid population growth in urban areas Unplanned development High demand for land and energy Traffic congestion Increased waste generation Overburdened or unavailable waste treatment and disposal facilities Increase chemical emergencies Water quality, air quality, and natural Resources adversely impacted

8. Environmental Health Problems Waterborne diseases Respiratory diseases Air pollution Regional environmental degradation Inadequate water and sewage treatment Improper pesticide management Improper hazardous and solid wastes management

9. 1995, NAFTA:NAFTA –The Border Environment Cooperation Commission (BECC) supports efforts to evaluate, plan, and implement financially and operationally sustainable water and wastewater projectsBECC –The North American Development Bank (NADB) helps project sponsors develop financial package.NADB

10. Border XXIBorder XXI (1996-2000) Improve water quality through the construction of infrastructure and development of pretreatment programs Nine groups focused on particular border-wide environmental issues Strategies to reach sustainable development: –Ensure public involvement in the development and implementation of Program –Build capacity and decentralize environmental management –Ensure interagency cooperation

11. Border XXIBorder XXI (1996-2000) Utility Service19962000 Border household in Mexico had potable water service 88%93% Connected to sewer69%75% Server system connected to wastewater treatment facilities 34%75% Specific Projects: http://www.cocef.org/ http://www.cocef.org/ BECC http://www.cocef.org/http://www.cocef.org/ http://www.nadbank.org/ http://www.nadbank.org/ NADB http://www.nadbank.org/http://www.nadbank.org/

12. Border 2012Border 2012: U.S.-Mexico Environmental Program Ten-year program: EPA and SEMARNAT with other federal agenciesEPASEMARNAT To implement an address environmental issues in the border region. Four regionally-focused workshops to facilitated active community participation.

13. Goals and Objectives Goal #1: Reduce Water Contamination Goal #2:Reduce Air Pollution Goal #3:Reduce Land Contamination Goal #4:Improve Environmental Health

14. Goals and Objectives Goal #5:Reduce Exposure to Chemicals from Accidental Chemical Releases and/or Terrorism Goal #6:Improve Environmental Performance Trough Compliance, Enforcement, Pollution Prevention, and Promotion of Environmental Stewardship.

15. Objectives are stated as: Objective #1: By 2012, promote 25% > homes connected to potable water supply and waste water collection and treatment systems Goal #1: Reduce Water Contamination

16. Objectives are stated as: water quality standards Objective #2: By 2012, assess significant shared and transboundary surface waters and achieve a majority of water quality standards currently being exceeded in those waters Goal #1: Reduce Water Contamination

17. Objectives are stated as: Objective #3: By 2006, implement a monitoring system for evaluating coastal water quality at the international border beaches. By 2006, establish a 2012 objective toward meeting coastal water quality standards of both countries Goal #1: Reduce Water Contamination

18. Objectives are stated as: Objective #4: By 2005, promote the assessment of water system conditions in 10% of the existing water systems in the border cities to identify opportunities for improvement in overall water system efficiencies. Goal #1: Reduce Water Contamination

19. Transboundary Water: Mexico-US  Motivation  IBWC/CILA  Colorado basin  Rio Grande/ Rio Bravo Basin  Groundwater  Discussion

20. IBWC/CILA  Responsibilities: - Distributions of Colorado and Rio Grande water - Construction and maintenance of dams - Flood protection projects - Border sanitation/ water quality - Border demarcation  IBWC headquarters: El Paso  CILA headquarters: Ciudad Juarez  1973 Minute: Authority to agreement on groundwater  Binational Rio Grande Summit: November 2005

21. Basins US: 1.5 million ac-ft per year US: 60,000 ac-ft per year Mexico: 350,000 ac-ft per year

22. Colorado River Issues  Problem: 1960’s high salinity: 2700 ppm  Wellton Mohawk irrigation district  Solution : Interim Solution, Yuma Plant  Potential problems: within 115 ppm  Lessons: Linking problems

23. Rio Grande/Rio Bravo Issues  Water debt (1992-2002)  Texas farmers: US $ 500 million demand  Over 1,000,000 ac-ft  Drought: internal conflict (<20% storage capacity)  September 27, 2005  Define drought strategies

24. Border Environmental Cooperation Commission  BECC/COCEF 2.4 billion dollars in projects to date -Delicias Irrigation District (2002) -US $ 143 million -Canal upgrades -Modern irrigation systems -Grading -Saving up to 200,000 ac-ft/yr

25. Groundwater in PdN -No bilateral strategy -Hueco Bolson: dry by 2025 -IBWC: only mapping of aquifers -PdN: Ciudad Juarez, El Paso, Las Cruces -Largest binational metropolitan area -5 million by 2030 -Dependent on Hueco Bolson -New Mexico: State -Mexico: Federal -Texas: Private

26. Groundwater in PdN Reducing groundwater dependence:  Juarez (88 gpcd)  Use 60,000 ac-ft for municipal use  South portion of the Mesilla Aquifer  Other aquifers  Reduce leaks  Purple pipe project

27. Groundwater in PdN Reducing groundwater dependence:  El Paso (40%):  1970’s: 230 gpcd  Water pricing  Grey water use  Recycling treated water into aquifers  2004: 137 gpcd

28. Groundwater in PdN  East Mesilla Aquifer: TDS 5,000 mg/l  Largest inland desalination plant -27.5 MGD -El Paso water +25% -Completed: 2007 -El Paso Water Utilities- Fort Bliss -Deep well injection -50 years

29. Groundwater in PdN  Mesilla Bolson also a shared aquifer  50 years of water  Agreement on groundwater  El Paso del Norte Water Task Force (1999)

30. Discussion 1.Which challenges could be faced by policy maker in unifying both countries environmental rules and standards?

31. Discussion 1.Which challenges could be faced by policy maker in unifying both countries environmental rules and standards? 2.Which challenges could be faced by the government of each of the two countries while implementing these unifying environmental rules and standards?

32. 3.Do you feel there is a need to renegotiate the 1944 treaty to take into consideration drought conditions and environmental aspects?

33. 4.Taking into consideration that the Mesilla Bolson is also a shared aquifer. Do you believe that groundwater issues in PdN can be solved without a comprehensive agreement? How can the US and Mexico overcome the differences in their groundwater concession practices?