1. Air Pollution and Carbon Sink M. Obersteiner, V. Stolbovoi, S. Nilsson IIASA - FOR

2. Output Carbon Management: Integrated Approach Natural Attributes GIS Coverages Climate & Vegetation Relief & Soils Databases Water & Minerals Decrease Changes in Carbon sink Increase Socio-economic Land Use People & Institutions Impact Air Pollution LULUCF carbon credits

3. Carbon Sink (green) and Source (red) Regions (analysis by 1x1 km grid)

4. Based on IPCC (2001) and Steffen et al. (1998) GPP 120 Gt C yr -1 Atmospheric Pool Geological Pool Plant Respiration 60 Gt C yr -1 NPP 60 Gt C yr -1 Decomposition 50 Gt C yr -1 NEP 10 Gt C yr -1 Fossil Fuels 6 Gt C yr -1 Disturbance 9 Gt C yr -1 NBP ±1 Gt C yr -1

5. Carbon Flux Inventory for Boreal Zone (Mt) Forests Grass & Shrubs Wetlands Swamps&Bogs Agriculture -1707 -321NPP+1386HSR -575 -1202NPP+627HSR +118 -487NPP+605HSR-381 -957NPP+576HSR +138 Harvest Disturbances & Harvest+682Consumption 121Humification20 Lithosphere Lithosphere 59Hydrosphere 12 HCO 3

6. ASSIMILATION CARBON SINK Rate Duration Sensitivity Resilience MAINTENANCE Processes Properties Implications STORAGEDEFENCE Transport Conversion Mobilization Respiration Turnover Level Chemistry Distribution dir. Resiliance Amount Partitioning Timing Indirect Resilience Reduced assimilate supply Increased suceptibility to biotic and abiotic stresses Decreased Production Altered Community Dynamics Increasingly mechanistic Increasingly integrative Biochemical level Cellular level Whole plant level Species level Community level GPP NBP

7. The Integrator- Growth of (woody) plants Shoots –Leaves –Cambium Roots and Rhizosphere Symbionts Reproductive growth Changes in the carbon partitioning pattern

8. Ecosystem response Structural and altered community dynamics Higher Risks –Biotic (insect, pests and diseases) –Abiotic Drought (also if cuticula or impaired stomatal closure is injured winter desiccation) Wind Cold hardiness Fire

9. Factors affecting response HazardVulnerability Species and genotyp* Pollutant dosage & frequency* Types & combination* Stress tolerance mex.* Plant age* Interact with diseases* Environmental regime*

10. Vulnerability Management Earlier removal & Short rotation species Less vulnerable species (less productive) Fertilization Mono height stands (decrease interceptive surface) Calamity management (decreased stocking for fire prevention) ….  Risk management  decrease carbon stock in forest AND its permanence, digression in ecosystem value and higher costs

11. Management for Carbon Sinks Catena Differentiation Water Transport Sedimentation Translocation Living Biomass Vegetation Organic-Mineral Phase Underground Detritus Surface Detritus Soil Maintenance Production Medium-term Conservation Landscape Diversity Long-term Conservation Products Short-term Conservation

12. Quantification and Verification Level: Quantifying the sink strength Change: Temporal verification of air pollution effect is possible, but attribution is difficult (link to carbon market). However, management options are numerous and effective (3.3 in SRES)

13. Carbon market and Air pollution Stylised examples Case 1: Russian forest fire in 1998 Case 2: Who pays for the lost removal - Austria Case 3: Environmental additionality - JI in Poland

14. Conclusion Yes, there are clear and quantitatively important linkages Methodology: Risk augmented cost / benefit Land management is local and multiple criteria –Consistency with MCPFE, BdConv., Food supply

15. C-N Vegetation Pools (Biomass Production) Lithosphere Hydrosphere Atmosphere C-N Detritus Pools (Litter fall and Decay) N-uptake (Humification& Mineralization) (N-fixation& nitrification- dinitrification) N-nutrients supply C-N gases from soil respiration C-uptake C-N gases from consumption- disturbances C-N gases from detritus decay C-N solubles from detritus decay C-N solubles from pedogenesis C-N Soil Pools C-N input into soil Biosphere The FOR Model for Biogenic (CO 2,CH 4,N 2 O) GHG Inventory (BIGIN): Principle C-N Pools, Processes (in brackets) and fluxes (arrows)