1. How can changing a light bulb reduce greenhouse gases?

2. Energy – Where does it come from and why does it produce waste?
Exploring our traditional sources of energy: NONRENEWABLE ENERGY
Chapter 19
ES 302

3. Objectives What is energy?
What forms does it come in & how do we use it?
Understand that ALL sources of energy have costs and benefits
Why do we use nonrenewables?

4. What is our best immediate energy option?
1. Cut out unnecessary energy waste by improving energy efficiency
2. Transition to a renewable or solar age
Sun, wind, flowing water, biomass, geothermal, hydrogen gas
3. Burn more coal & synthetic gas/liquids
4. Natural gas
5. Nuclear power
Number 1 definitely. Numbers 2-5 are contested by many.

5. No matter what our decision… Ask:
How much will be available in the next 15 years? the next 30 years? longterm?
What is the source’s net energy yield?
How much will it cost to develop, phase in, and use this energy resource?
How will extracting, transporting, and using the energy resource affect the environment?
Can this energy source help us sustain the earth?

6. Did you beat Mrs. Lil?
You analyzed your (presumed) usage of electricity
That energy is secondary
Primary Energy Resources: The fossil fuels(oil, gas, and coal), nuclear energy, falling water, geothermal, and solar energy.
Secondary Energy Resources: Those sources which are derived from primary resources such as electricity, fuels from coal, (synthetic natural gas and synthetic gasoline), as well as alcohol fuels.

7. What is a watt?
1 watt = energy to lift 100 g (or 1 Newton) in 1.0 seconds.
It is a measure of energy over time
Energy “The ability to do work”.
Remember:
The amount of energy in the universe is constant.
What are the 2 major laws???
What are the 6 major forms?
Hold an apple or a 100 g mass next to a vertical meter stick, and lift it to the top of the meter stick in 1.0 second time. “How much power did it take to do this? – One watt.”

8. Other Units of Energy
1 calorie = amount of heat needed to heat 1 g of water 1 degree Celsius
1 cal = Joules
1 Btu (British thermal unit) = amount of heat energy needed to raise the temp of 1 pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit
1 Btu = 1,054 joules; 252 calories
1 Q (quad) = 1 quadrillion Btu (very large!)
The U.S. uses ~ 1 quad of energy about every 3.7 days

9. More Units of Energy 1 kWh = one kilowatt of electricity over 1 hour
The energy it takes to burn a 100 watt light bulb for 10 hours (costs an average of 9 cents)
3.6 million joules
3,412 Btu
1 CF = Cubic foot: a measure of volume
One CF of natural gas contains about 1020 Btu

10. Six (6) Forms of Energy Mechanical Electrical Heat
The energy of moving things.
EX: wind, moving water
Electrical
The energy of moving electrons
Heat
The energy of temperature change
Hotter temperatures can do more work.

11. Six (6) Forms of Energy Light Chemical Nuclear
The energy of moving photons
Chemical
The energy stored in the bonds between atoms.
EX: food, wood, gasoline, batteries, coal, oil…
Nuclear
The energy stored between the subatomic particles
EX: Nuclear power plants

12. 1st Law of Thermodynamics
“Conservation of Energy Law”
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
Energy in the universe is constant.
If you can’t destroy energy, you CAN change its form!
EX: Matches
EX: Light Bulb

13. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
“Energy Quality Law”
When energy changes form, some useful energy is always degraded to lower quality, less useful energy.
Low temperature heat is the least useful energy form!
EX: 90% of energy in gas (chemical) is changed to heat!
Only 10% of the electricity flowing through a light bulb is converted to light energy (the rest is heat).

14. What is electricity? The movement of electrons
Atoms are normally neutral, but interactions can create imbalances
As electrons move through metal wires, they rub against the wire – creating friction. This resistance creates heat and even light!
But where does this supply of electrons come from?

15. http://www. youtube. com/watch

16. Magnets & Generators Energy sources, for example coal, are burned
Energy sources, for example coal, are burned
which boils water, which produces steam
The steam spins a turbine
The turbine spins a magnet
The magnet creates a flow of electrons
This flow of electrons travels from the power plant to your home!

19. Evaluating Energy Resources
U.S. has 4.6% of world population; uses 24% of the world’s energy;
84% from nonrenewable fossil fuels (oil, coal, & natural gas);
7% from nuclear power;
9% from renewable sources (hydropower, geothermal, solar, biomass).

20. Global Primary Energy Supply

23. Analyze the figure
What is the primary energy source for all of our transportation?
What is the largest end use consumer of U.S. energy?
What is the largest primary energy source used?
What is the second largest primary energy source?
What is the smallest utilized primary energy source and what is used for?
What primary energy source powers all sectors of end use?
What is coal used to power?
Where does industry draw its power from?
What is nuclear power used for?
What is the only end use item that has one primary energy source?

24. Fossil Fuels
Fossil fuels originated from the decay of living organisms millions of years ago, and account for about 80% of the energy generated in the U.S.
The fossil fuels used in energy generation are:
Natural gas, which is % methane (CH4)
Liquid hydrocarbons obtained from the distillation of petroleum
Coal - a solid mixture of large molecules with a H/C ratio of about 1

25. How Fossil Fuels Are Formed

26. How Fossil Fuels Are Formed

27. Energy resources removed from the earth’s crust include: oil, natural gas, coal, and uraniumt

28. Coal is cheaper but gas is cleaner Coal: $0
Coal is cheaper but gas is cleaner Coal: $0.85 per million Btu Natural Gas: $2.18 per million Btu Crude Oil: $2.97 per million Btu

29. Problems with Fossil Fuels
Fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources
At projected consumption rates, natural gas and petroleum will be depleted before the end of the 21st century
Impurities in fossil fuels are a major source of pollution
Burning fossil fuels produce large amounts of CO2, which contributes to global warming

30. 1. Oil Energy Resources 2. Natural Gas 3. Coal 4. Nuclear Energy

31. Oil
Deposits of crude oil often are trapped within the earth's crust and can be extracted by drilling a well
Fossil fuel, produced by the decomposition of deeply buried organic matter from plants & animals
Crude oil: complex liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, with small amounts of S, O, N impurities

32. Crude Oil Petroleum (crude oil)
Thick, black oil as it comes out of the ground
Estimated reserves: educated guesses about the location and size of oil or natural gas deposits
Proven reserves: how much oil can be economically obtained from the oil field
Production: withdrawal of oil or gas from the oil field
Most valuable natural resource (?)
Gasoline, heating oil, jet fuel, grease, wax, asphalt, plastics…

33. Oil Formation Decomposition of ancient sea plants & animals
Quick burial
Partial decayed (some carbon remains)
Intense heat & pressure
Time – millions of years to form

34. Oil Extraction Primary Oil Recovery Secondary Oil Recovery Drill well
Pump out oil that flows by gravity into well
Secondary Oil Recovery
Inject water into nearby water to force oil into well.

35. Enhanced (Tertiary) Oil Recovery

36. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
OPEC
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Set up in 1960 so developing countries would get a fair price for the resource.
Control 67% of world’s oil
Saudi Arabia (#1), Iraq (#2), Iran, Kuwait, UAE, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Qatar, and Venezuela

38. Oil in U.S. 2.3% of world reserves uses nearly 30% of world reserves;
65% for transportation;
increasing dependence on imports. t

39. Low oil prices have stimulated economic growth, they have discouraged / prevented improvements in energy efficiency and alternative technologies favoring renewable resources.

40. What a Barrel of Persian Gulf Oil Really Costs U.S. Consumers
$30 in initial costs
+ $61 for military support services
= $91 per barrel of oil
(Prentice Hall 2005)
Oil near $119 after report of Iranian boat firing
MSNBC April. 25, 2008

41. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.pp t

44. Alternative forms of Oil
Oil Shale & Tar Sand
Different forms of rock/sand that can be transformed (crushed/heated or pressurized) to be use like crude oil.
PROS: In Canada & U.S
CONS: Need ½ barrel of oil to extract & purify
Uses large amounts of water
Pollutes groundwater, air, etc.

46. Extra stuff http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MiQCBIx1mM&feature=related
How an air conditioner works (not the energy about it though)

47. Energy Consumption in the United States
Wood
Water (steam)
Coal
Natural gas
Oil
Nuclear power
3, 4, and 5 =
83.5% of U.S.
energy consumption

48. Who Has the Oil?
Reserves
North America
75.7
South and Central America
89.5
Western Europe
18.9
Former Soviet Countries
58.9
Middle East
673.6
Africa
75.4
Far East and Oceania
43.0
Total
1,033.2