1. NIAM – IIASA 23 rd March 2009 Assessment with the Italian national IAM of technical and non-technical measures in the Regional Air Quality Management Plans I. D’Elia, M. Bencardino, L. Ciancarella, M. Contaldi, G. Vialetto ENEA

2. NIAM – IIASA 23 rd March 2009 DLgs n. 351 – 4/08/1999 With the Italian decree n. 351/1999 to implement the European Directive 96/69/CE, the air pollution prevention, improvement and preservation have been assigned to the Italian administrative Regions while the European Directive implementation remains at a national level INTRODUCTION: The project The REGIONAL AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLANS (AQMPs) a fundamental phase of the entire process of assessment, planning and management where air quality measures should be defined and adopted Each Italian Region has to elaborate its own AQMPs in order to meet established environmental target Assessment with the Italian national IAM of technical and non-technical measures in the Regional Air Quality Management Plans

3. NIAM – IIASA 23 rd March 2009 Assessment with the Italian national IAM of technical and non-technical measures in the Regional Air Quality Management Plans The Italian Regional AQMPs includes both technical and non technical measures that regard different areas producing POLICY INTEGRATION The version of the RAINS-Italy model used to assess the Regional AQMPs is restricted to END-of PIPE measures. The behavioural measure analysis is left to the evaluation of alternative driving force exogenous scenarios. AQMPs have been assessed comparing the CLE scenario and the different alternative scenarios coming from the evaluation of TMs and NTMs The aim of the project is the assessment of the AQMPs and to draw up a reasoned list about all the TMs and NTMs adopted in the Regional AQMPs. INTRODUCTION: The project

4. NIAM – IIASA 23 rd March 2009 Assessment with the Italian national IAM of technical and non-technical measures in the Regional Air Quality Management Plans 1. Many NTM definitions in literature but no consensus among them and the difference between TM and NTM; 2. Often TM = end-of-pipe measure; NTM = structural and behavioural changes; 3. NTMs are NOT completely independent from technology changes; 4. No agreement in distinguishing NTMs and policy instruments; 5. RAINS-Italy modelled only the TMs INTRODUCTION: TM and NTM definition DEFINITION ADOPTED: NTMs represent consumption reduction, substitution, technology choice and technology use. In classifying the measure as NTM, a major role to human choice has been attributed

5. NIAM – IIASA 23 rd March 2009 Assessment with the Italian national IAM of technical and non-technical measures in the Regional Air Quality Management Plans Control Strategy definition Technical Measures RAINS-Italy Emission inventory Harmonization with national/local emission inventories Activity input data scenario INPUT SCENARIO DEFINITION (CLE, MTFR...) Non Technical Measures INTRODUCTION: TM and NTM definition

6. NIAM – IIASA 23 rd March 2009 HARMONIZATION CLE INPUT DATA SCENARIO Energy, Activity levels, Control Strategy AQ MEASURES AQ SCENARIO = Reference Scenario MAPS Assessment with the Italian national IAM of technical and non-technical measures in the Regional Air Quality Management Plans Project Methodology between a regional emission inventory and RAINS-Italy emissions at a given base year; Definition of a regional energy and non energy scenario, and regional control strategy. The regional energy scenario: 1. Not available in many Regions; 2. Obtained downscaling the national projection + regional information 3. Coherence with the national official energy projection;

7. NIAM – IIASA 23 rd March 2009 Assessment with the Italian national IAM of technical and non-technical measures in the Regional Air Quality Management Plans 1 = Urban Waste incineration with heat recovery; 2 = Biogas recovery in agricultural and in farming sectors; 3 = District heating Plant with waste and biomass; 4 = Photovoltaic; 5 = Wind; 6 = Hydroelectric; 7 = Geothermic Well; 8 = High efficiency domestic boilers; 9 = Energy efficiency in building; 10 = Residential heating accountability; 11 = Heat pumps; 12 = Solar heating systems; 13 = Regulation of some fuel use; 14 = Incentives for shift to natural gas in domestic boilers; 15 = Efficiency improvements in fireplaces and stoves; 16 = Low emission zones; 17 = Road traffic restriction; 18 = Pollution charge; 19 = Car sharing; 20 = Motorway speed limits; 21 = Bike sharing; 22 = Incentives for new cars; 23 = Incentives for new diesel heavy duty; 24 = Opening new rail lines; 25 = Opening new underground lines; 26 = Cycle paths; 27 = Sea motorway; 28 = Bus investment (new buses, service extension, frequency increase); 29 = Antiparticulate filter; 30 = Incentives for biofuel public transport; 31 = New methane service stations; 32 = Incentive for hydrogen cars; 33 = Rationalising load transport in urban area;

8. NIAM – IIASA 23 rd March 2009 Assessment with the Italian national IAM of technical and non-technical measures in the Regional Air Quality Management Plans

9. NIAM – IIASA 23 rd March 2009 Assessment with the Italian national IAM of technical and non-technical measures in the Regional Air Quality Management Plans

10. NIAM – IIASA 23 rd March 2009 Assessment with the Italian national IAM of technical and non-technical measures in the Regional Air Quality Management Plans SO 2, NO x, PM 10 emission saved (%) on total sectoral regional emission calculated respect to the CLE scenario at 2010 The additive bars show the different sectoral emission reduction for each Region where the AQ measures were applied

11. NIAM – IIASA 23 rd March 2009 Assessment with the Italian national IAM of technical and non-technical measures in the Regional Air Quality Management Plans SO 2, NO x, PM 10 emission saved (%) on total regional emission calculated respect to the CLE scenario at 2010

12. NIAM – IIASA 23 rd March 2009 Assessment with the Italian national IAM of technical and non-technical measures in the Regional Air Quality Management Plans 1 = Urban Waste incineration with heat recovery; 2 = Biogas recovery in agricultural and in farming sectors; 3 = District heating Plant with waste and biomass; 4 = Photovoltaic; 5 = Wind; 6 = Hydroelectric; 7 = Geothermic Well; 8 = High efficiency domestic boilers; 9 = Energy efficiency in building; 10 = Residential heating accountability; 11 = Heat pumps; 12 = Solar heating systems; 13 = Regulation of some fuel use; 14 = Incentives for shift to natural gas in domestic boilers; 15 = Efficiency improvements in fireplaces and stoves; 16 = Low emission zones; 17 = Road traffic restriction; 18 = Pollution charge; 19 = Car sharing; 20 = Motorway speed limits; 21 = Bike sharing; 22 = Incentives for new cars; 23 = Incentives for new diesel heavy duty; 24 = Opening new rail lines; 25 = Opening new underground lines; 26 = Cycle paths; 27 = Sea motorway; 28 = Bus investment (new buses, service extension, frequency increase); 29 = Antiparticulate filter; 30 = Incentives for biofuel public transport; 31 = New methane service stations; 32 = Incentive for hydrogen cars; 33 = Rationalising load transport in urban area;

13. NIAM – IIASA 23 rd March 2009 Assessment with the Italian national IAM of technical and non-technical measures in the Regional Air Quality Management Plans AQ emission scenario For each of the 20 Regions both CLE and QA emission scenarios were calculated by the RAINS-Italy model at a 5-year interval PM 10 emissions by sector at 2010

14. NIAM – IIASA 23 rd March 2009 QA and CLE PM 10 concentration scenario comparison at 2010 QA/CLE (%) QA/CLE (  g/m 3 ) Assessment with the Italian national IAM of technical and non-technical measures in the Regional Air Quality Management Plans PM 10 concentration at 2010 calculated by RAINS-Italy (20x20 km2) PM 10 concentration at 2010 calculated by Lombardia dispersion model (5x5 km2)

15. NIAM – IIASA 23 rd March 2009 Assessment with the Italian national IAM of technical and non-technical measures in the Regional Air Quality Management Plans CONCLUSION - No more TMs alone are enough to meet environmental targets, changes are also required in our behaviours both as individuals and societies; - Lack a consensus upon NTM definition and often confused with policy instruments; - NTMs not completely independent from technology changes and often supported by fiscal/economic incentives; - The realization of a shared and unique guideline/database could be an important step to find NTM air pollution impacts, their market and non- market costs, the possible implemental instruments, their social effects…; - The inclusion of NTMs in the modelling process still contain uncertainties; - In Italy the NTMs dominate the domestic and transport sector where they represent half of the emission reduction of the AQMPs; - NTMs are greatly influenced by regional factors and their influence on emission reduction depend on spatial and applicability variations; - Next step: cost analysis