1. EECE476 Lecture 7: Single-Cycle CPU Instruction Processing & Control Chapter 5, Sections 5.3, 5.4 The University of British ColumbiaEECE 476© 2005 Guy Lemieux

2. 2 Missing Pieces: Instruction Fetching Where does the Instruction come from? –From instruction memory, of course! –Recall: stored-program concept Alternatives? How about hard-coding wires and switches…? This is how ENIAC was programmed! How to branch? –BEQ rs, rt, Imm16

3. 3 Instruction Processing Fetch instruction Execute instruction Fetch next instruction Execute next instruction Fetch next next instruction Execute next next instruction Etc… How to maintain sequence? Use a counter! Branches (out of sequence) ? Load the counter!

4. 4 Instruction Processing Program Counter –Points to current instruction –Address to instruction memory Instr ← InstrMem[PC] –Next instruction: counts up by 4 Remember: memory is byte-addressable, instructions are 4 bytes PC ← PC + 4 –Branch instruction: replace PC contents

5. 5 Step 1: Analyze Instructions Register Transfer Language … op | rs | rt | rd | shamt | funct = InstrMem[ PC ] op | rs | rt | Imm16 = InstrMem[ PC ] Instr Register Transfers ADDUR[rd] ← R[rs] + R[rt];PC ← PC + 4 SUBUR[rd] ← R[rs] – R[rt];PC ← PC + 4 ORIR[rt] ← R[rs] + zero_ext(Imm16); PC ← PC + 4 LOADR[rt] ← MEM[ R[rs] + sign_ext(Imm16)];PC ← PC + 4 STOREMEM[ R[rs] + sign_ext(Imm16) ] ← R[rt];PC ← PC + 4 BEQif ( R[rs] == R[rt] ) then PC ← PC + 4 + { sign_ext(Imm16)] || b’00’ } else PC ← PC + 4

6. 6 Steps 2 and 3: Datapath Components & Assembly PC: a register –Counter, counts by +4 –Provides address to Instruction Memory Add Read address Instruction Memory Instruction [31:0] PC Instruction[31:0] 4

7. 7 Steps 2 and 3: Datapath Components & Assembly Add result Read address Instruction Memory Instruction [31:0] PC 0Mux10Mux1 Sign/ Zero Extend Instruction[25:21] Instruction[20:16] Instruction[15:11] Instruction[15:0] (Imm16) 16 32 PCSrc Shift Left 2 4 PC: a register Counter, counts by +4 Sometimes, must add SignExtend{Imm16||b’00’} for branch instructions Note: the sign-extender for Imm16 is already in the datapath (everything else is new) ExtOp

8. 8 Steps 2 and 3: Add Previous Datapath Add ALU Add result ALU result Zero Read address Instruction Memory Instruction [31:0] Register File Data Memory PC Addr- ess Read data Write data 0Mux10Mux1 1Mux01Mux0 0Mux10Mux1 0Mux10Mux1 ALU Control Sign/ Zero Extend Write reg. Read reg. 1 Read reg. 2 Read data 2 Read data 1 Write data Instruction[25:21] Instruction[20:16] Instruction[15:11] Instruction[15:0] (Imm16) Instruction[5:0] (funct) 16 32 RegWrite RegDst ALUSrc MemWrite PCSrc MemtoReg ALUOp Shift Left 2 4 ExtOp

9. 9 What have we done? Created a simple CPU datapath –Control still missing (next slide) Single-cycle CPU –Every instruction takes 1 clock cycle –Clocking ?

10. 10 One Clock Cycle Clock Locations –PC, REGFILE have clocks Operation –On rising edge, PC will get new value Maybe REGFILE will have one value updated as well –After rising edge PC and REGFILE can’t change New value out of PC Instruction out of INSTRMEM Instruction selects registers to read from REGFILE Instruction controls ALUop, ALUsrc, MemWrite, ExtOp, etc ALU does its work DataMem may be read (depending on instruction) Result value goes back to REGFILE New PC value goes back to PC Await next clock edge Lots to do in only 1 clock cycle !!

11. 11 Missing Steps? Control is missing (Steps 4 and 5 we mentioned earlier) –Generate the green signals ALUsrc, MemWrite, MemtoReg, PCSrc, RegDst, etc –These are all f(Instruction), where f() is a logic expression –Will look at control strategies in upcoming lecture Implementation Details –How to implement REGFILE? Read port: tristate buffers? Multiplexer? Memory? Two read ports: two of above? Write port: how to write only 1 register? –How to control writes to memory? To register file? More instructions –Shift instructions –Jump instruction –Etc

12. 12 1-Cycle CPU Datapath Add ALU Add result ALU result Zero Read address Instruction Memory Instruction [31:0] Register File Data Memory PC Addr- ess Read data Write data 0Mux10Mux1 1Mux01Mux0 0Mux10Mux1 0Mux10Mux1 ALU Control Sign/ Zero Extend Write reg. Read reg. 1 Read reg. 2 Read data 2 Read data 1 Write data Instruction[25:21] Instruction[20:16] Instruction[15:11] Instruction[15:0] (Imm16) Instruction[5:0] (funct) 16 32 RegWrite RegDst ALUSrc MemWrite PCSrc MemtoReg ALUOp Shift Left 2 4 ExtOp

13. 13 1-cycle CPU Datapath + Control PCSrc Instruction[25:21] Instruction[20:16] Instruction[15:11] Instruction[15:0] Instruction[5:0] Instruction [31:26] Sign/ Zero Extend Data Memory Addr- ess Read data Write data ALU result Zero Read address Instruction Memory Instruction [31:0] Add PC 4 Add result Shift Left 2 Register File Write reg. Read reg. 1 Read reg. 2 Read data 2 Read data 1 Write data RegDst Branch MemRead MemtoReg ALUOp MemWrite ALUSrc RegWrite ALU control Con- trol

14. 14 Input or Output Signal NameR-formatLwSwBeq Inputs Op50110 Op40000 Op30010 Op20001 Op10110 Op00110 Outputs RegDst10XX ALUSrc0110 MemtoReg01XX RegWrite1100 MemRead0100 MemWrite0010 Branch0001 ALUOp11000 ALUOp00001 Also: I-type instructions (ORI) & ExtOp (sign-extend control), etc. 1-cycle CPU Control (Just a Simple Lookup Table)

15. 15 1-cycle CPU + Jump Instruction Error in Text Fig 5.24 Instruction [31:26] Instruction[25:0] PC + 4 [31..28] Jump address [31..0] Instruction[25:21] Instruction[20:16] Instruction[15:11] Instruction[15:0] Instruction[5:0]

16. 16 1-cycle CPU Problems? Every instruction 1 cycle Some instructions “do more work” –Eg, lw must read from DATAMEM All instructions must have same clock period…  Many instructions run slower than necessary Tricky timing on MemWrite, RegWrite(?) signals –Write signal must come *after* address is stable Need extra resources… –PC+4 adder, ALU for BEQ instruction, DATAMEM+INSTRMEM

17. 17 Performance! Single-Cycle CPU Performance –Execute one instruction per clock cycle (CPI=1) –Clock cycle time? Note dataflow includes: –INSTRMEM read –REGFILE access –Sign extension –ALU operation –DATAMEM read –REGFILE/PC write –Not every instruction uses all resources (eg, DATAMEM read) –Can we change clock period for each instruction? No! (Why not?) –One clock period: the worst case! –This is why a single-cycle CPU is not good for performance