1. X. Barcons, XEUS SAGXEUS: Physics of the hot evolving Universe XEUS: The Physics of the hot Evolving Universe Xavier Barcons

2. X. Barcons, XEUS SAGXEUS: Physics of the hot evolving Universe Index The Science Case for a “Next Generation X- ray Observatory” The (current) XEUS mission scenario Implementation: towards a global mission

3. X. Barcons, XEUS SAGXEUS: Physics of the hot evolving Universe Acknowledgements The XEUS Science Advisory Group: Monique Arnaud, Johan Bleeker, Günther Hasinger, Hajime Inoue, Giorgio Palumbo, Arvind Parmar and Martin Turner. The XEUS Astrophysics Working Group, especially Didier Barret The XEUS Instrument Working Group, especially Dave Lumb The XEUS Telescope Working Group, especially Marcos Bavdaz

4. X. Barcons, XEUS SAGXEUS: Physics of the hot evolving Universe Physics of the hot evolving Universe Probing matter under extreme conditions The origin and growth of the first massive black holes in the early Universe The formation of the first gravitationally bound, dark matter dominated systems, i.e. small groups of galaxies and their evolution The characterisation of the true intergalactic medium, containing ½ of the baryonic matter in the Universe The origin and cosmic evolution of the chemical elements in the Universe

5. X. Barcons, XEUS SAGXEUS: Physics of the hot evolving Universe Relativistically broadened Fe reflection lines in AGN MCG-6-30-15

6. X. Barcons, XEUS SAGXEUS: Physics of the hot evolving Universe Relativistic Fe line broadening Schwarzschild Kerr Fabian et al 91

7. X. Barcons, XEUS SAGXEUS: Physics of the hot evolving Universe Measuring the spin of the Black Hole

8. X. Barcons, XEUS SAGXEUS: Physics of the hot evolving Universe NASA Approaching the Black Hole Light-bending effects Chris Reynolds ASCA relativistic Fe-line (Tanaka et al. 1995) Simulation of precessing binary accretion disks in 3C273 with XEUS (Torres et al., 2004) Wilms et al 2001

9. X. Barcons, XEUS SAGXEUS: Physics of the hot evolving Universe General Relativity frequencies in Quasi-Periodic Oscillations Very large collecting area needed D. Barret

10. X. Barcons, XEUS SAGXEUS: Physics of the hot evolving Universe XMM-Newton detection of the gravitational redshift in the surface of a neutron star Constraining the equation of state in neutron stars (now) z  z  z 

11. X. Barcons, XEUS SAGXEUS: Physics of the hot evolving Universe Constraining the equation of state in neutron stars (the future)

12. X. Barcons, XEUS SAGXEUS: Physics of the hot evolving Universe The formation of the first supermassive Black Holes Current theories predict that the first massive black holes formed at redshifts of ~5-10 with masses of 10 6-7 M o, corresponding to X-ray luminosities of 10 43-44 erg s -1. Furthest known massive black holes (QSOs) are at z = 6.5. Claimed galaxy at z = 10. A prime goal of XEUS is to study the evolution of the early universe using Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) as probes.

13. X. Barcons, XEUS SAGXEUS: Physics of the hot evolving Universe Lockman Hole 800 ks XMM-Newton observation XEUS will be able to determine redshifts and study Fe lines individually Average rest-frame spectra show relativistic Fe-lines type-1 AGN EW~700eV Streblyanskaya et al., 2004 type-2 AGN EW~500eV

14. X. Barcons, XEUS SAGXEUS: Physics of the hot evolving Universe XEUS: The first accreting BHs z=3.0 z=5.0 z=7.0 z=10.0

15. X. Barcons, XEUS SAGXEUS: Physics of the hot evolving Universe NGC 6240 Binary BH mergers - efficient accretion NASA/CXC/Komossa Biggest problem: how to funnel down large amount of gas over a galactic scale on a very short timescales Observations tell us, that gas-rich mergers can do the trick. Binary Black Holes expected in powerful obscured quasars. XEUS needed!

16. X. Barcons, XEUS SAGXEUS: Physics of the hot evolving Universe Clusters of Galaxies: Largest Objects in the Universe courtesy V. Springel MPA

17. X. Barcons, XEUS SAGXEUS: Physics of the hot evolving Universe XEUS – The first groups and clusters XEUS will detect and study the first and most distant groups of galaxies formed in the Universe, precursors of today’s massive clusters. Credit: H. Böhringer

18. X. Barcons, XEUS SAGXEUS: Physics of the hot evolving Universe Dark Matter (23%)X-ray Gas (4%) The missing baryons Warm/hot intergalactic medium (WHIM) in absorption QSO or GRB line of sight Cen&Ostriker 1999

19. X. Barcons, XEUS SAGXEUS: Physics of the hot evolving Universe Elements formed at z>1.3! Abundance independent of z Hashimoto et al, ‘04 Best X-ray spectrum of a z>1 cluster kT~5 keV XMM 800 ks First clusters: creation of chemical elements

20. X. Barcons, XEUS SAGXEUS: Physics of the hot evolving Universe XEUS – Key Parameters ParameterSpecification Energy Range0.05 – 80 keV Telescope focal length50 m Mirror area @ 1 keV10 m 2 Mirror area @ 8 keV3 m 2 Fields of view15’ (WFI) 1’ (NFI) Energy resolution @ 1 keV50 eV (WFI) 2 (1) eV (NFI) Energy resolution @ 8 keV100 eV (WFI) 5 (2) eV (NFI)

21. X. Barcons, XEUS SAGXEUS: Physics of the hot evolving Universe Mission concept 2 Spacecraft in flight formation: –Mirror S/C (MSC) –Detector S/C (DSC), icnluding active alignement systems Operations at L2 DSC can be replaced with updated instruments

22. X. Barcons, XEUS SAGXEUS: Physics of the hot evolving Universe The mirror technology – the big challenge

23. X. Barcons, XEUS SAGXEUS: Physics of the hot evolving Universe The pore optics concept Bavdaz et al (2004)

24. X. Barcons, XEUS SAGXEUS: Physics of the hot evolving Universe Stacking of Si ribbed plates Beijersbergen et al 2004

25. X. Barcons, XEUS SAGXEUS: Physics of the hot evolving Universe Building the X-ray telescope and MSC Bavdaz et al 04

26. X. Barcons, XEUS SAGXEUS: Physics of the hot evolving Universe MSC concept

27. X. Barcons, XEUS SAGXEUS: Physics of the hot evolving Universe Mirror effective area Lumb et al 04

28. X. Barcons, XEUS SAGXEUS: Physics of the hot evolving Universe Comparison of X-ray mirror technologies

29. X. Barcons, XEUS SAGXEUS: Physics of the hot evolving Universe XEUS instruments Narrow Field Instrument 1 (Superconducting Tunnelling Junction): –FOV:0.5-1’ –0.05-3 keV –Spectral res: 1 eV @ 1 keV Narrow Field Instrument 2 (Transition Edge Spectrometer) –FOV: 0.5-1’ –2-15 keV –Spectral res: 3 eV @ 6keV WFI (Wide-field imager): –CCD/DEPFET (5’) –Conventional CCDs (15’) –High-energy detector –High count rate detector –Polarimetry?

30. X. Barcons, XEUS SAGXEUS: Physics of the hot evolving Universe Implementing the mission ESA/JAXA collaboration since 1996 Technically ready for launch in 2015, if development continues Proposed to ESA’s “Cosmic Vision 2015” exercise, to implement the theme “The violent evolving Universe” Constructive talk with the USA towards a single global ESA/NASA/JAXA mission.