1. Institute for Advanced Studies | Stumpergasse 56 | A-1060 Wien | Tel: +43 1 59991-0 | www.ihs.ac.at | www.equi. latcheva@ihs.ac.at | Migration and Life-Course Research | 5/6 December | Bremen | 1 A Dynamic and Multidimensional Model of Integration–Building on Longitudinal Quantitative and Qualitative Data on Migrants in Vienna Rossalina Latcheva Institute for Advanced Studies (IHS) Vienna with Barbara Herzog-Punzenberger Austrian Academy of Science International Conference on Migration and Life-Course Research 5/6 December, 2008, Conference Center “Teerhof”, University of Bremen | Institute for Advanced Studies | Stumpergasse 56 | A-1060 Wien | Tel: +43 1 59991-0 | www.ihs.ac.at | www.equi.at |

2. Institute for Advanced Studies | Stumpergasse 56 | A-1060 Wien | Tel: +43 1 59991-0 | www.ihs.ac.at | www.equi. latcheva@ihs.ac.at | Migration and Life-Course Research | 5/6 December | Bremen | 2 Point of departure (1) Theoretical challenges  Migration and integration – a battlefield of political interests  blurring boundaries between categories of analysis and categories of practice  Migrants, ethno-national groups and receiving societies treated as homogenous entities  Integration as a… contested one-dimensional dichotomous static unidirectional & linear decontextualized non-relational and non-interactive concept, often without explicit longitudinal or life-course perspective

3. Institute for Advanced Studies | Stumpergasse 56 | A-1060 Wien | Tel: +43 1 59991-0 | www.ihs.ac.at | www.equi. latcheva@ihs.ac.at | Migration and Life-Course Research | 5/6 December | Bremen | 3 Point of departure (2) Methodological challenges For decades (at least for Austria):  almost no data on naturalized persons  almost no longitudinal data on migrants and their descendants  small samples  a missing life-course perspective within migration and integration research  no systematic integration of quantitative and qualitative approaches in research design and analysis

4. Institute for Advanced Studies | Stumpergasse 56 | A-1060 Wien | Tel: +43 1 59991-0 | www.ihs.ac.at | www.equi. latcheva@ihs.ac.at | Migration and Life-Course Research | 5/6 December | Bremen | 4 Implications for research and policy-making (1)  primarily descriptive, non-longitudinal and one-sided research  due to small sample sizes impossibility to model complexity and heterogeneity and control for intervening variables such as gender, age, generation, year of arrival, country of origin, (year of) naturalization etc. at the same time  causal inferences derived mainly from theory and rarely based on empirical evidence which  often leads to invalid and not sufficiently differentiated comparisons between and within social categories  imposes homogeneity on both, dependent and independent variables  leads to uncertain and spurious causal inferences, =>> that often legitimise political interventions

5. Institute for Advanced Studies | Stumpergasse 56 | A-1060 Wien | Tel: +43 1 59991-0 | www.ihs.ac.at | www.equi. latcheva@ihs.ac.at | Migration and Life-Course Research | 5/6 December | Bremen | 5 Implications for research and policy-making (2)  The recognition that individual and social change are mutually dependent generates the credo that the relationship between individuals and their settings is bi-directional (Colby 1998: viii) and that this should be explicitly approached in theory, study design and techniques of analysis and of course in designing policy measures  Studying the integration of migrants means conceptualising the dynamic links between human agency and structure, between events in one life domain and changes in another, between past events and current statuses and thus adopting study design and research methods which take all this into account (Giele and Elder 1998).

6. Institute for Advanced Studies | Stumpergasse 56 | A-1060 Wien | Tel: +43 1 59991-0 | www.ihs.ac.at | www.equi. latcheva@ihs.ac.at | Migration and Life-Course Research | 5/6 December | Bremen | 6 An attempt to meet the challenges: integrating research approaches and data gathered within the LIMITS and SiM – projects 1.Combining quantitative and qualitative approaches using method triangulation with connected samples 2.Integrating objective and subjective perspective in the assessment of migration and integration processes: analysing the intersection between migrants’ own perceptions and interpretations on the one side and the objective traces of their biographies on the other 3.Conducting a variety of multivariate and content analysis (event history, optimal matching, multidimensional scaling, cluster analysis, content analysis across cases) and a systematic triangulation of findings 4.Developing a dynamic multidimensional model for explaining the interdependency of time and context within the individual migration biography, which allows for flexibility by grasping complexity

7. Institute for Advanced Studies | Stumpergasse 56 | A-1060 Wien | Tel: +43 1 59991-0 | www.ihs.ac.at | www.equi. latcheva@ihs.ac.at | Migration and Life-Course Research | 5/6 December | Bremen | 7 The LIMITS-project: Immigrants and Ethnic Minorities in European Cities: Life Courses and Quality of Life in a World of Limitations LIMITS (2003-2006): funded by the EC within the FP5 Major objectives:  collection and analysis of longitudinal data on life courses of migrants in six European cities  to catch the dynamics of migration and integration processes in different national contexts 6 cities in 5 countries: Vienna (Austria), Bielefeld (Germany), Amsterdam & Rotterdam (Netherlands), Lisbon (Portugal), Stockholm (Sweden) 2 groups in each city: ~300 interviews per group (= 600 respondents per city) database of approximately 3,300 cases

8. Institute for Advanced Studies | Stumpergasse 56 | A-1060 Wien | Tel: +43 1 59991-0 | www.ihs.ac.at | www.equi. latcheva@ihs.ac.at | Migration and Life-Course Research | 5/6 December | Bremen | 8 The LIMITS-sample Criteria for inclusion in the sample at least 15 years of stay in the receiving country, first generation migrants (proxy: at least 35 years of age), heterogeneous criteria of group definition, but independent of current nationality

9. Institute for Advanced Studies | Stumpergasse 56 | A-1060 Wien | Tel: +43 1 59991-0 | www.ihs.ac.at | www.equi. latcheva@ihs.ac.at | Migration and Life-Course Research | 5/6 December | Bremen | 9 Data Event histories (using calendar tool) of migration, education and employment, family formation, housing, social networks language acquisition (attained courses and self-assessment) Cross-sectional information on income, pre-migration and citizenship acquisition

10. Institute for Advanced Studies | Stumpergasse 56 | A-1060 Wien | Tel: +43 1 59991-0 | www.ihs.ac.at | www.equi. latcheva@ihs.ac.at | Migration and Life-Course Research | 5/6 December | Bremen | 10 SiM-project SiM (2006): project funded by the Austrian Ministry for Science and Research within the framework of the NODE research program Build on the LIMITS-Data for Austria (Vienna): quantitative information gathered on long-term residents in Vienna from Turkey and Serbia (n=601) Qualitative information from 30 in-depth interviews - sampled on the basis of the produced trajectory clusters from the optimal matching analysis Research objectives: to discover similarities in migrants’ trajectories through re-analysis of the LIMITS-data using optimal matching to assess the individual migration project from a subjective perspective to develop a dynamic and multidimensional model of integration

11. Institute for Advanced Studies | Stumpergasse 56 | A-1060 Wien | Tel: +43 1 59991-0 | www.ihs.ac.at | www.equi. latcheva@ihs.ac.at | Migration and Life-Course Research | 5/6 December | Bremen | 11 Methods of Analysis Optimal matching  analysis of labour market participation over time (analysing the differences (distances) between pairs of individual trajectories)  All possible pairs to be compared = (601 * (601-1) / 2) = 180.300 distances. Multidimensional scaling & cluster analysis  obtaining 5 different types (clusters) of labour market participation over time (1. fully employed, 2.difficult beginning then full employment, 3. discontinuous employment biography, 4.transition from education to full employment, 5. outside the labour market) Selection criteria for in-depth interviews  cluster, ethnicity, gender, proficiency in German

12. Institute for Advanced Studies | Stumpergasse 56 | A-1060 Wien | Tel: +43 1 59991-0 | www.ihs.ac.at | www.equi. latcheva@ihs.ac.at | Migration and Life-Course Research | 5/6 December | Bremen | 12 Cluster 1 Fully employed all along the migration trajectory Cluster 2 Difficulties at the beginning Cluster 3 Discontinuous labour market trajectory Cluster 4 Transition from education to stably employment career Cluster 5 Outside the labour market Total n214230656428601 Percent35,638,310,810,64,7100 Gender (in %) male77,658,333,835,90,057,4 female22,441,766,264,1100,042,6 Ethnicity (in %) Turkey33,254,352,375,082,150,1 Serbia66,845,747,725,017,949,9 Education (in %) none3,46,83,46,34,05,1 elementary46,645,550,837,564,046,3 secondary36,338,632,231,312,035,1 university entrance certificate 13,79,113,625,020,013,5 Age (in %) 35 - 44 22,943,973,870,357,143,1 45 - 54 35,538,324,625,032,134,1 55 - 64 31,313,01,51,610,717,0 65 and older 10,34,80,03,10,05,8

14. Institute for Advanced Studies | Stumpergasse 56 | A-1060 Wien | Tel: +43 1 59991-0 | www.ihs.ac.at | www.equi. latcheva@ihs.ac.at | Migration and Life-Course Research | 5/6 December | Bremen | 14 Discussion The dynamic of the model results from:  the interdependency of the different dimensions (within and between phases)  the different composition of the relevant dimensions within phases and life cycles Next steps: validation of the model  other groups of origin,  other types of migrants (refugees, transnational migrants,…)  other national contexts

15. Institute for Advanced Studies | Stumpergasse 56 | A-1060 Wien | Tel: +43 1 59991-0 | www.ihs.ac.at | www.equi. latcheva@ihs.ac.at | Migration and Life-Course Research | 5/6 December | Bremen | 15 Does the model meet the challenges? homogeneity  unidimensional  dichotomous  static  decontextualized  heterogeneity between and within groups depending on time of arrival, gender, generation multidimensional with at least 4 dimensions grades and shades dynamic: interdependency of phases and dimensions (longitudinal data) framed by changing conditions of the receiving society The model allows to grasp complexity, it is derived by a systematic integration of quantitative and qualitative approaches in study design and analysis

16. Institute for Advanced Studies | Stumpergasse 56 | A-1060 Wien | Tel: +43 1 59991-0 | www.ihs.ac.at | www.equi. latcheva@ihs.ac.at | Migration and Life-Course Research | 5/6 December | Bremen | 16 Thank you for your attention and critical remarks! Rossalina Latcheva Institute for Advanced Studies latcheva@ihs.ac.at www.equi.at Stumpergasse 56 A-1060 Vienna Tel: ++43 59991 135 Fax: ++43 59991 191