1. MICROBIOLOGY Introduction & Classification

2. Topics Classification Methods of Microbiology Nutrition & Growth Microbial Structure Metabolism Host parasite relationships Control of Growth

3. Types of Microorganisms Bacteria –Gram positive & gram negative Viruses –RNA & DNA Fungi –Yeasts & molds Protozoa

4. History Robert Hooke –Described units in cork as cells Anton van Leeuwenhoek-1667 –Made lenses or simple microscopes

5. Spontaneous Generation Abiogenesis-living matter arising from nonliving matter Redi –maggots & meat Pasteur et al disproved abiogenesis

6. Pasteur Fermentation –Yeast ferment grape juice –alcohol –Bacteria ferment grape juice-acids Pasteurization

7. Germ Theory of Disease Koch –Koch’s postulates –Developed pure culture techniques –Discovered TB agent

8. Immunology/Chemotherapy Jenner and smallpox vaccine –Used cowpox virus

9. Antiseptics Semmelweis Lister

10. Fleming Discovered penicillin

11. Taxonomy System of cataloging organisms –Identification: characterization of organisms –Classification: arrangement of organisms into similar groups –Nomenclature: assign names

12. Binominal Nomenclature Genus-capitalized ; collection of species Microbes – species can be subdivided into strains Strains have small genetic differences

13. Rules Both genus & species underlined or italicized Strain-subdivision of species –ID by name, number or letter –Example- Escherichia coli- E. coli K12

14. Classification Wittaker-5 kingdoms –Plants –Animals –Fungi –Protista –Monera or Prokaryote

15. Domains Carl Woese-1980s Based upon modern techniques –Sequence of rRNA in ribosomes Three cell types based upon ribosomes

16. Three Domains Domains above kingdom level Bacteria or Eubacteriae –Prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in cell wall –Divide by binary fission –Motile by flagella or cilia –Sensitive to antibiotics

17. Archaea Ancient prokaryotes –Cell wall present, not peptidoglycan –Live in extreme environments –Have unusual metabolic processes –Not sensitive to antibiotics

18. Archaea Methanogens -strict anaerobes –Produce methane from CO 2 + H 2 –Live in anaerobic mud lakes –Intestine of cows

19. Archaea Halophiles –Require high concentration of salt Maintain cell wall –Spoilage of food-salted fish –Salt lakes

20. Archaea Thermophiles –Live in hot sulfurous waters or acidic water –Nucleic acids/proteins do not function at low temperatures –Volcanic vents in ocean

21. Eukarya All eukaryotes Cell wall varies in composition Not sensitive to antibiotics Fungi-yeasts and molds Protists-slime molds, protozoa, & algae Plants & animals

22. Endosymbiotic Theory Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes Supported by similarities between prokaryotes & organelles in eukaryotes Mitochondria & chloroplasts same size as prokaryote cell –Contain DNA, 70S ribosomes Endosymbiont-organism that lives within another

23. Support for Theory » ProkaryEukary Mitoch & Chloro DNA circular linear circular HistonesNo Yes No Ribosomes70S 80S70S Growth binary mitosisbinary Cyanophora

24. Viruses Obligate intracellular parasites Not cells so non living agent No ribosomes Classification is different

25. Viroids & Prions Viroids –Single short piece of RNA –Cause disease in plants –? In humans Prions –Protein –Cause neurodegenerate diseases –Humans & animals –CJD & mad cow

26. New Challenges Antibiotic resistance –MRSA, VRE & ESBL Emerging diseases –SARS & Avian Influenza Bioterrorism –Anthrax, smallpox, plague, botulism