1. Slides for Fuzzy Sets, Ch. 2 of Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing J.-S. Roger Jang ( 張智星 ) CS Dept., Tsing Hua Univ., Taiwan http://www.cs.nthu.edu.tw/~jangjang@cs.nthu.edu.tw Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: Fuzzy Sets

2. 2 Fuzzy Sets: Outline Introduction Basic definitions and terminology Set-theoretic operations MF formulation and parameterization MFs of one and two dimensions Derivatives of parameterized MFs More on fuzzy union, intersection, and complement Fuzzy complement Fuzzy intersection and union Parameterized T-norm and T-conorm

3. Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: Fuzzy Sets 3 Fuzzy Sets Sets with fuzzy boundaries A = Set of tall people Heights 5’10’’ 1.0 Crisp set A Membership function Heights 5’10’’6’2’’.5.9 Fuzzy set A 1.0

4. Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: Fuzzy Sets 4 Membership Functions (MFs) Characteristics of MFs: Subjective measures Not probability functions MFs Heights 5’10’’.5.8.1  “tall” in Asia  “tall” in the US  “tall” in NBA

5. Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: Fuzzy Sets 5 Fuzzy Sets Formal definition: A fuzzy set A in X is expressed as a set of ordered pairs: Universe or universe of discourse Fuzzy set Membership function (MF) A fuzzy set is totally characterized by a membership function (MF).

6. Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: Fuzzy Sets 6 Fuzzy Sets with Discrete Universes Fuzzy set C = “desirable city to live in” X = {SF, Boston, LA} (discrete and nonordered) C = {(SF, 0.9), (Boston, 0.8), (LA, 0.6)} Fuzzy set A = “sensible number of children” X = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} (discrete universe) A = {(0,.1), (1,.3), (2,.7), (3, 1), (4,.6), (5,.2), (6,.1)}

7. Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: Fuzzy Sets 7 Fuzzy Sets with Cont. Universes Fuzzy set B = “about 50 years old” X = Set of positive real numbers (continuous) B = {(x,  B (x)) | x in X}

8. Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: Fuzzy Sets 8 Alternative Notation A fuzzy set A can be alternatively denoted as follows: X is discrete X is continuous Note that  and integral signs stand for the union of membership grades; “/” stands for a marker and does not imply division.

9. Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: Fuzzy Sets 9 Fuzzy Partition Fuzzy partitions formed by the linguistic values “young”, “middle aged”, and “old”: lingmf.m

10. Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: Fuzzy Sets 10 More Definitions Support Core Normality Crossover points Fuzzy singleton  -cut, strong  -cut Convexity Fuzzy numbers Bandwidth Symmetricity Open left or right, closed

11. Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: Fuzzy Sets 11 MF Terminology MF X.5 1 0 Core Crossover points Support  - cut 

12. Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: Fuzzy Sets 12 Convexity of Fuzzy Sets A fuzzy set A is convex if for any in [0, 1], Alternatively, A is convex is all its  -cuts are convex. convexmf.m

13. Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: Fuzzy Sets 13 Set-Theoretic Operations Subset: Complement: Union: Intersection:

14. Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: Fuzzy Sets 14 Set-Theoretic Operations subset.m fuzsetop.m

15. Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: Fuzzy Sets 15 MF Formulation Triangular MF: Trapezoidal MF: Generalized bell MF: Gaussian MF:

16. Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: Fuzzy Sets 16 MF Formulation disp_mf.m

17. Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: Fuzzy Sets 17 MF Formulation Sigmoidal MF: Extensions: Abs. difference of two sig. MF Product of two sig. MF disp_sig.m

18. Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: Fuzzy Sets 18 MF Formulation L-R MF: Example: difflr.m c=65 a=60 b=10 c=25 a=10 b=40

19. Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: Fuzzy Sets 19 Cylindrical Extension Base set ACylindrical Ext. of A cyl_ext.m

20. Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: Fuzzy Sets 20 2D MF Projection Two-dimensional MF Projection onto X Projection onto Y project.m

21. Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: Fuzzy Sets 21 2D MFs 2dmf.m

22. Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: Fuzzy Sets 22 Fuzzy Complement General requirements: Boundary: N(0)=1 and N(1) = 0 Monotonicity: N(a) > N(b) if a < b Involution: N(N(a) = a Two types of fuzzy complements: Sugeno’s complement: Yager’s complement:

23. Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: Fuzzy Sets 23 Fuzzy Complement negation.m Sugeno’s complement: Yager’s complement:

24. Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: Fuzzy Sets 24 Fuzzy Intersection: T-norm Basic requirements: Boundary: T(0, 0) = 0, T(a, 1) = T(1, a) = a Monotonicity: T(a, b) < T(c, d) if a < c and b < d Commutativity: T(a, b) = T(b, a) Associativity: T(a, T(b, c)) = T(T(a, b), c) Four examples (page 37): Minimum: T m (a, b) Algebraic product: T a (a, b) Bounded product: T b (a, b) Drastic product: T d (a, b)

25. Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: Fuzzy Sets 25 T-norm Operator Minimum: T m (a, b) Algebraic product: T a (a, b) Bounded product: T b (a, b) Drastic product: T d (a, b) tnorm.m

26. Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: Fuzzy Sets 26 Fuzzy Union: T-conorm or S-norm Basic requirements: Boundary: S(1, 1) = 1, S(a, 0) = S(0, a) = a Monotonicity: S(a, b) < S(c, d) if a < c and b < d Commutativity: S(a, b) = S(b, a) Associativity: S(a, S(b, c)) = S(S(a, b), c) Four examples (page 38): Maximum: S m (a, b) Algebraic sum: S a (a, b) Bounded sum: S b (a, b) Drastic sum: S d (a, b)

27. Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: Fuzzy Sets 27 T-conorm or S-norm tconorm.m Maximum: S m (a, b) Algebraic sum: S a (a, b) Bounded sum: S b (a, b) Drastic sum: S d (a, b)

28. Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: Fuzzy Sets 28 Generalized DeMorgan’s Law T-norms and T-conorms are duals which support the generalization of DeMorgan’s law: T(a, b) = N(S(N(a), N(b))) S(a, b) = N(T(N(a), N(b))) T m (a, b) T a (a, b) T b (a, b) T d (a, b) S m (a, b) S a (a, b) S b (a, b) S d (a, b)

29. Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: Fuzzy Sets 29 Parameterized T-norm and S-norm Parameterized T-norms and dual T-conorms have been proposed by several researchers: Yager Schweizer and Sklar Dubois and Prade Hamacher Frank Sugeno Dombi